Author Index S, 61-70

Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

SACHSMAN, DAVID B., See GREENBERG.

SALAMONE, KANDICE L., See GREENBERG.

SALMON, CHARLES T. and KURT NEUWIRTH, Perceptions of Opinion “Climates” and Willingness to Discuss the Issue of Abortion, 67:567-77.

SALMON, CHARLES T., See NEUWIRTH.

SALMON, CHARLES T., See SHIM.

SALOMONE, KANDICE L., See EINSIEDEL.

SALWEN, MICHAEL, Credibility of Newspaper Opinion Polls: Source, Source Intent and Precision, 64:813-19.

SALWEN, MICHAEL, See HEETER.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B., The Reporting of Public Opinion Polls During Presidential Years, 1968-1984, 62:272-77.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B., Does Poll Coverage Improve as Presidential Vote Nears? 62:887-91.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B. and JAMES M. BERNSTEIN, Coverage of Aftermath of 1984 World Series, 63:385-89.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B., Effect of Accumulation of Coverage on Issue Salience in Agenda Setting, 65:100-06.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B. and BRUCE GARRISON, Press Freedom and Development: U.S. and Latin American Views, 66:87-92.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B. and FRANCES R. MATERA, Public Salience of Foreign Nations, 69:623-32.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B., See ATWATER.

SALWEN, MICHAEL B., See LIN.

SANDELL, KARIN, See OSTROFF.

SANDERS, CRAIG, See PRITCHARD.

SANDERS, KEITH P., See STEGALL.

SANDMAN, PETER N., See GREENBERG.

SANDSTROM, K.L., See OLIEN.

SAREL, DAN, Trends in Factual Claims in Ads in Magazines, 1958, 1968 and 1978, 61:650-54, 743.

SAUNDERS, ANN C., See FOOTE.

SAXTON, KELLY, See RIFFE.

SCHARLOTT, BRADFORD W., Influence of Telegraph on Wisconsin Newspaper Growth, 66:710-15.

SCHILLINGER, ELISABETH and JOEL JENSWOLD, Three Olympiads: A Comparison of Pravda and the Washington Post, 64:826-33.

SCHILLINGER, ELISABETH, Two Moscow Dailies: Content Changes and Glasnost, 1985-1987, 66:828-35.

SCHLEUDER, JOAN, See GILBERT.

SCHMITT, CARMEN, See SODERLUND.

SCHNEIDER, FREDERICK P., See EINSIEDEL.

SCHNEIDER, JAMES G., What Is Paper’s Responsibility For Error in Supplement?, 61:905-07.

SCHNEIDER, LARISSA A., The Role of Public Relations in Four Organizational Types, 62:567-76, 594.

SCHNYDER, C. JOAN, See MITCHELL.

SCHOENBACH, KLAUS and HOLLI A. SEMETKO, Agenda-Setting, Agenda Reinforcing, or Agenda-Deflating? A Study of the 1990 German National Election, 69:837-46.

SCHOFIELD, LEMUEL, See HANKS.

SCHOFIELD, LEMUEL B., First Amendment Implications of Banning Alcoholic Beverage Ads on Radio and TV, 62:533-39.

SCHORIN, GERALD A. and BRUCE G. VANDEN BERGH, Advertising’s Role in the Diffusion of Country-Western Trend in the U.S., 515-22.

SCHULTZ, MYRNA, See VANDEN BERGH.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., How Valuable to an Advertiser Are Secondary Audiences? 63:752-56, 853.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Research Article Productivity by Mass Communication Scholars, 65:479-84.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Who Are All These Advertising Majors and What Do They Want? 65:733-39.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Factors Affecting Scholarly Research Among Mass Communications Faculty, 66:410-17.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., The Research Climate in Programs in Journalism and Mass Communication, 66:987-91.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., Personal Computers and Media Use, 68:689-97.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., See GREENBERG.

SCHWEITZER, JOHN C., See LAY.

SCOFIELD, GARY, See HINDE.

SCOTT, DAVID K. and ROBERT H. GOBETZ, Hard News/Soft News Content of the National Television Networks, 1972-1987, 69:406-12.

SCOTT, RANDALL K. and DAVID H. GOFF, How Excitation from Prior Programming Affects Television News Recall, 65:615-20.

SEIBERT, JOY HART, See ALLEN.

SEIFERT, RICK, See WARD.

SEITER, JENNIFER, See WINDHAUSER.

SELF, CHARLES C., Perceived Task of News Report as Predictor of Media Choice, 65:119-25.

SELNOW, GARY, See RILEY.

SELTZER, RICHARD, See STROMAN.

SEMETKO, HOLLI A., See SCHOENBACH.

SENTMAN, MARY ALICE, When the Newspaper Closes: A Case Study of What Advertisers Do, 63:757-62.

SENTMAN, MARY ALICE and PATRICK S. WASHBURN, How Excess Profits Tax Brought Ads to Black Newspaper in World War II, 64:769-74.

SERVAES, JAN, Concentration of Ownership in the Belgian Daily Press, 66:367-72.

SEVERN, JESSICA J.H., See PAYNE.

SHAH, HEMANT, Development News on All India Radio, 65:425-30.

SHAH, HEMANT, Factors Influencing Development News Production at Three Indian Dailies, 67:1034-1041.

SHAMIR, JACOB, Israeli Elite Journalists: Views on Freedom and Responsibility, 65:589-94.

SHAMIR, JACOB, BARBARA STRAUSS REED and STEVEN CONNELL, Individual Differences in Ethical Values of Public Relations Practitioners, 67:956-63.

SHAMP, SCOTT A., See KRUGMAN. SHAPIRO, MICHAEL A. and ROBERT H. RIEGER, Comparing Positive and Negative Political Advertising on Radio, 69:135-45.

SHAW, DONALD L. and JOHN W. SLATER, Press Puts Unemployment on Agenda: Richmond Community Opinion, 1981-1984, 65:407-11.

SHAW, DONALD L. and SHANNON E. MARTIN, The Function of Mass Media Agenda Setting, 69:902-20.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:i-ii. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:273-74.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:481-82.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 67:639.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 68:1. SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 68:327.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 68:616-17.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:1-2.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:258-59.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:539-40.

SHAW, DONALD L., An Editorial Comment, 69:808-10.

SHAW, DONALD LEWIS, News About Slavery from 1820-1860 in Newspapers of South, North and West, 61:483-92.

SHAW, EUGENE F., See RIFFE.

SHELDON, CHARLES H., See LIMBURG.

SHELDON, PETER S., See WILCOX.

SHERARD, REGINA GANELLE, Fair Press or Trial Prejudice? Perceptions of Criminal Defendants, 64:337-40.

SHERER, MICHAEL, Comparing Magazine Photos of Vietnam and Korean Wars, 65:752-56.

SHERER, MICHAEL D., Invasion of Poland Photos in Four American Newspapers, 61:422-26.

SHERER, MICHAEL D., The Problem of Trespass for Photojournalists, 62:154-56, 222.

SHERER, MICHAEL D., The Problem of Libel for Photojournalists, 63:618-23.

SHERER, MICHAEL D., A Survey of Photojournalists and Their Encounters with the Law, 64:499-502.

SHERER, MICHAEL D., Vietnam War Photos and Public Opinion, 66:391-95.

SHERMAN, BARRY L. and JOSEPH R. DOMINICK, Perceptions of Colorization, 65:976-80.

SHIDLER, JON A., See LOWRY.

SHIELDS, STEVEN, See DUNWOODY.

SHIM, JAE CHUL and CHARLES T. SALMON, Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers, 67:852-63.

SHIPMAN, JOHN MARTIN, See FOWLER.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., Media Treatment of Deviant Political Groups, 61:66-75, 82.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., Political Group Viability as Predictor of Media Attitudes, 61:889-92.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., STEPHEN D. REESE and WAYNE A. DANIELSON, Spanish-Language Print Media Use as an Indicator of Acculturation, 62:734-40, 762.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., STEPHEN D. REESE, WAYNE DANIELSON and KENNETH HSU, Ethnic Concentration as Predictor of Media, 64:593-97.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J. and STEPHEN D. REESE, Exposure to What? Integrating Media Content and Effects Studies, 67:649-52.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., LUCIG H. DANIELIAN and NANCY BRENDLINGER, Deviant Acts, Risky Business and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events, 68:781-95.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., See CHANG.

SHOEMAKER, PAMELA J., See REESE.

SHOWALTER, STUART W., Sports Polls: Predictive or Promotional? 62:100-04.

SHYLES, LEONARD, See BARRANCO. SIDEL, M. KENT, New World Information Order in Action in Guyana, 61:493-98, 639.

SIDEL, M. KENT, Video Policy in Guyana, 67:531-35.

SIEMICKI, MICHELE, DAVID ATKIN, BRADLEY GREENBERG and THOMAS BALDWIN, Nationally Distributed ChildrenÕs Shows: What Cable TV Contributes, 63:710-18, 734.

SIGELMAN, CAROL K., See BURKHART.

SIGNORIELLI, NANCY, See KRISHNAIAH.

SILVER, BEN, See BOW.

SILVER, DIANE, A Comparison of Coverage of Male and Female Officials in Michigan, 63:144-49.

SILVERBLATT, ARTHUR, See TIEDGE.

SILVERMAN-WATKINS, THERESA L., STEPHEN C. LEVI and MERYL A. KLEIN, Sex-Stereotyping as Factor in ChildrenÕs Comprehension of Television News, 63:3-11.

SIMMONS, BRIAN K. and DAVID N. LOWRY, Terrorists in the News, as Reflected in Three News Magazines, 1980-88, 67:692-96.

SIMON, TODD F., FREDERICK FICO, and STEPHEN LACY, Covering Conflict and Controversy: Measuring Balance, Fairness, Defamation, 66:427-34.

SIMON, TODD F., The Indeterminate Future of the First Amendment, 69:28-36.

SIMON, TODD F., See LACY.

SIMPSON, CHARLES, See TAN.

SIMPSON, CHRIS, See KENNEY.

SINGER, ELEANOR, PHYLLIS ENDRENY and MARC B. GLASSMAN, Media Coverage of Disasters: Effect of Geographic Location, 68:48-58.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL, See MOORE.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W. and CHRIS LAMB, News Values in Award-Winning Photos, 61:104-08, 233.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., Reliability of Immediate Reward and Delayed Reward Categories, 62:116-20.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., SUSAN CAUDILL, EDWARD CAUDILL and ALLEN WHITE, Motives for Ethical Decision-Making, 67:964-72.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See CAUDILL.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See HURD.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See MILLER.

SINGLETARY, MICHAEL W., See WHITE.

SKILL, THOMAS, JAMES D. ROBINSON and SAMUEL P. WALLACE, Portrayal of Families on Prime-time TV: Structure, Type and Frequency, 64:360-67.

SLATER, DAN and TERESA L. THOMPSON, Attitudes of Parents Concerning Televised Warning Statements, 61:853-59.

SLATER, JOHN W., See SHAW.

SLATER, MICHAEL D., Use of Message Stimuli in Mass Communication Experiments: A Methodological Assessment and Discussion, 68:412-21.

SLOAN, WM. DAVID, Chaos, Polemics, and America’s First Newspaper, 70:666-81.

SMITH, C. ZOE, Germany’s Kurt Korff: An Emigre’s Influence on Early Life, 65:412-19.

SMITH, C. ZOE, See NESTERENKO.

SMITH, CONRAD and TOM HUBBARD, Professionaiism and Awards in Television News Photography, 64:352-59.

SMITH, CONRAD, ERIC S. FREDIN and CARROLL ANN FERGUSON, Sex Discrimination in Earn-ings and Story Assignments Among TV Reporters, 65:3-11.

SMITH, CONRAD, News Critics, Newsworkers and Local Television News, 65:341-46.

SMITH, CONRAD, Profile of Local Television Reporters and Photographers, 66:181-85.

SMITH, CONRAD and LEE B. BECKER, Comparison of Journalistic Values of Television Reporters and Producers, 66:793-800.

SMITH, CONRAD, News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 70:393-403.

SMITH, EDWARD J. and DONNA J. HAJASH, Information Graphics in 30 Daily Newspa-pers, 65:714-18.

SMITH, JEFFREY A., A Reappraisal of Legislative Privilege and American Colonial Journalism, 61:97-103, 141.

SMITH, KIM A., Community Perceptions of Media Impressions, 61:164-68.

SMITH, KIM A., Perceived Influence of Media on What Goes on in a Community, 61:260-64, 338.

SMITH, KIM A., Political Communication and Voter Volatility in a Local Election, 62:883-87.

SMITH, KIM A., Growth and Conflict Reporting in One Community from 1945 to 1985, 64:820-25.

SMITH, KIM A. and DOUGLAS A. FERGUSON, Voter Partisan Orientations and Use of Political Television, 67:864-74.

SMITH, OTTO W., See REID.

SMITH, RON, See LESTER.

SMITH, RON F. and LINDA DECKER-AMOS, Of Lasting Interest? A Study of Change in the Content of the ReaderÕs Digest, 62:127-31.

SMITH, RON F., A Comparison of Career Attitudes of News-Editorial and Ad-PR Students, 64:555-59.

SMITH, RON F., SHERLYN-ANN TUMLIN and VOLKER HENNING, A Gatekeeping Study of Gannett’s All-Local Newspaper Experiment, 65:740-44.

SMITH, SANDRA J., See GARRAMONE.

SMITH, TOM W., How Comics and Cartoons View Public Opinion Surveys, 64:208-11.

SNEED, DON and HARRY W. STONECIPHER, More Freedom for the Prison Press: An Emerging First Amendment Issue, 63:48-54, 68.

SNEED, DON, Newspapers Call for Swift Justice: A Study of the McKinley Assassination, 65:360-67.

SNEED, DONALD, See RIFFE.

SNEED, DONALD, See STONECIPHER.

SNOOK-LUTHER, DAVID, See MCGANN. SNYDER, LESLIE B., Channel Effectiveness Over Time and Knowledge and Behavior Gaps, 67:875-86.

SNYDER, LESLIE B., See GUNTHER.

SO, CLEMENT Y. K., The Summit as War: How Journalists Use Metaphors, 64:623-26.

SODERLUND, WALTER C. and CARMEN SCHMITT, El SalvadorÕs Civil War as Seen in North and South American Press, 63:268-74.

SOFFIN, STAN, See HEETER.

SOHN, ARDYTH B., Goals and Achievement Orientations of Women Newspaper Managers, 61:600-05.

SOHN, ARDYTH B. and LEONARD H. CHUSMIR, The Motivational Perspectives of Newspaper Managers, 62:296-303.

SOHN, ARDYTH B., See LACY.

SOHN, ARDYTH BROADRICK, Newspaper Agenda Setting and Community Expectations, 61:892-97.

SOLEY, LAWRENCE C. and LEONARD N. REID, Baiting Viewers: Violence and Sex in Television Program Advertisements, 62:105-10, 131.

SOLEY, LAWRENCE C. and LEONARD N. REID, Advertising Article Productivity Updated, 65:157-64.

SOLEY, LAWRENCE C. and LEONARD N. REID, Taking It Off: Are Models in Magazine Ads Wearing Less? 65:960-66.

SOLEY, LAWRENCE C., Does Advertising Lower the Prices of Newspapers to Consumers? 66:801-806.

SOLOSKI, JOHN, Sources and Channels of Local News, 66:864-70.

SOTHIRAJAH, JAYANTHI, See ELLIOTT.

SPEARS, SARA, See COHEN.

SPELLMAN, ROBERT L., Tort Liability of the News Media For Surreptitious Recording, 62:289-95.

SPLICHAL, SIGMAN L., See BUNKER.

STACKS, DON W., See RIFFE.

STAMM, KEITH R. and AVERY M. GUEST, Communication and Community Integration: An Analysis of the Communication Behavior of Newcomers, 68:644-56.

STAMM, KEITH and DOUG UNDERWOOD, The Relationship of Job Satisfaction to Newsroom Policy Changes, 70:528-41.

STAMM, KEITH R., See CARTER.

STAMM, KEITH R., See UNDERWOOD.

STANFIELD, DOUGLAS and JAMES B. LEMERT, Alternative Newspapers and Mobilizing Information, 64:604-07.

STANFORD, SERENA and BETSY RICCOMINI, Linking TV Program Orientations and Gratifications: An Experimental Approach, 61:76-82.

STANLEY, CYNTHIA, See HEETER.

STANTON, JAMES C., Newspaper Design Preferences Among Students Revisited, 63:633-36.

ST. DIZIER, BYRON, The Effect of Newspaper Endorsements and Party Identification on Voting Choice, 62:589-94.

ST. DIZIER, BYRON, Republican Endorsements, Democratic Positions: An Editorial Page Contradiction, 63:581-86.

STEELE, JANET E., The l9th Century World versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man), 67:592-601.

STEELE, MICHAEL E., See FOOTE.

STEELE, RICHARD W., News of the ‘Good War’: World War II News Management, 62:707-16, 783.

STEFANIAK, GREG, Indiana Legal Leaders’ Perceptions of Camera Trial Access Arguments, 61:399-403.

STEFANIAK, GREG, Taxing Newspaper Advertising Supplements: A Study of State Trends, 67:21-24.

STEFFIN, BRIAN J., What Iowa Editors Know About Libel Law, 65:998-1000.

STEGALL, SANDRA KRUGER and KEITH P. SANDERS, Coorientation of PR Practioners and News Personnel in Education News, 63:341-47, 393.

STEGER, MARYANN E., See PIERCE.

STEIN, HARRY H., American Muckraking of Technology Since 1900, 67:401-409.

STEINER, LINDA, The Role of Readers in Reporting Texts, 65:642-47.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, and JOHN W. WINDHAUSER, The Prestige Press Revisited: Coverage of the 1980 Presidential Campaign, 61:49-55.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, and HUGH M. CULBERTSON, The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage, 61:671-76.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Gatekeeping: The Mix of Topics and the Selection of Stories, 62:791-96, 815.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Update on Scale Analysis of Supreme Court Cases, 64:860-61.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Topic and Story Choice of Five Network Newscasts, 65:750-52.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, and JOHN W. WINDHAUSER, Coverage by the Prestige Press of the 1988 Presidential Campaign, 66:894-96.

STEMPEL, GUIDO H., III, Trends in Journalism Quarterly: Reflections of the Retired Editor, 67:277-81.

STEPHENSON, MARY ANN, See WANTA.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Unauthorized Use of a NewspaperÕs Name, 61:426-29.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Legal Protection for a Magazine Article Idea, 61:679-82.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Acceptability Clauses and the Writer’s Legal Remedies, 61:898-901.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., ‘Taken as a Whole’ in Print Obscenity Cases, 63:371-74.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Free-Lancers and the ‘Work Made for Hire,’ 63:848-50.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Free-Lancers and the ÔWork Made for Hire,Õ 64:187-89.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Media Defamation and the Free-Lance Writer, 64:601-04.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., ÔOfficial ConductÕ and the Actual Malice Test, 64:857-60.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Mass Media and the “Libel Proof” Doctrine, 66:174-77.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Local and Topical Pervasive Public Figures After Gertz, 66:463-65.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Newsracks and the First Amendment, 66:930-33.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Contractual Offers in Advertising, 67:32-34.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., Criminal Libel After Garrison, 68:522-27.

STEVENS, GEORGE E., See OGLES.

STEVENS, JOHN D., Social Utility of Sensational News: Murder and Divorce in the 1920Õs, 62:53-58.

STEVENS, JOHN D., See AVERY.

STEVENS, SUMMER E. and OWEN V. JOHNSON, From Black Politics to Black Community: Harry C. Smith and the Cleveland Gazette, 67:1090-1102.

STEVENSON, ROBERT L., An Essay: Defining International Communication as a Field, 69:543-53.

STEVENSON, ROBERT L., See WERT.

STEWART, EILEEN, See WESSON.

STEWART, ROBERT K., Jacksonians Discipline a Party Editor: Economic Leverage and Political Exile, 66:591-99.

STOCKING, S. HOLLY, Effect of Public Relations Efforts on Media Visibility of Organizations, 62:358-66, 450.

STOCKING, S. HOLLY and NANCY LAMARCA, How Journalists Describe Their Stories: Hypotheses and Assumptions in Newsmaking, 67:295-301.

STONE, GERALD, BARBARA HARTUNG and DWIGHT JENSEN, Local TV News and the Good-Bad Dyad, 64:37-44.

STONE, GERALD and JOHN LEE, Portrayal of Journalists on Prime Time Television, 67:697-707.

STONE, GERALD C. and ELINOR GRUSIN, Network TV as the Bad News Bearer, 61:517-23, 592.

STONE, VERNON A., Changing Profiles of News Directors of Radio and TV Stations, 1972-1986, 64:745-49.

STONE, VERNON A., Trends in the Status of Minorities and Women in Broadcast News, 65:288-93.

STONE, VERNON A., See BURKS.

STONE, VERNON A., See MCKEAN.

STONECIPHER, HARRY W. and DON SNEED, Libel and the Opinion Writer: The Fact-Opinion Distinction, 64:491-98.

STONECIPHER, HARRY W., See SNEED. STOUT, PATRICIA A., GARY B. WILCOX, and LORRIE S. GREER, Trends in Magazine Advertorial Use, 66:960-64.

STOUT, PATRICIA A. and YOUNG SOOK MOON, Use of Endorsers in Magazine Advertisernents, 67:536-46.

STOUT, PATRICIA A., JOHN D. LECKENBY and SIDNEY HECKER, Viewer Reactions to Music in Television Commercials, 67:887-98.

STOVALL, JAMES GLEN, The Third-Party Challenge of 1980: News Coverage of the Presidential Candidates, 62:266-71.

STOVALL, JAMES GLEN, Coverage of the 1984 Presidential Campaign, 65:443-49.

STOVALL, JAMES GLEN, See RIFFE.

STRAUGHAN, DULCIE MURDOCK, See BROWN.

STRECKFUSS, RICHARD, Objectivity in Journalism: A Search and a Reassessment 67:973-83.

STREITMATTER, RODGER, The Impact of Presidential Personality on News Coverage in Major Newspapers, 62:66-73.

STREITMATTER, RODGER, The Rise and Triumph of the White House Photo Opportunity, 65:981-85.

STREITMATTER, RODGER L., No Taste for Fluff: Ethel L Payne, African-American Journalist, 68:528-40.

STREITMATTER, RODGER, African-American Women Journalists and Their Male Editors: A Tradition of Support, 70:276-86.

STROMAN, CAROLYN A. and RICHARD SELTZER, Media Use and Perceptions of Crime, 62:340-45.

STROMAN, CAROLYN A. and RICHARD SELTZER, Media Use and Knowledge of AIDS, 66:881-87.

STUART, CHARLES, Law That Led to Free Press Passed Just 500 Years Ago, 61:689-91.

SUARCHAVARAT, KULTILDA, See TAN.

SUBVERVI-VELEZ, FEDERICO A., Spanish-Language Daily Newspapers and the 1984 Election, 65:678-85.

SULLINS, WILLIAM S. and PAUL PARSONS, Roscoe Dunjee: Crusading Editor of Oklahoma’s Black Dispatch, 1915-1955, 69:204-13.

SULLIVAN, DENIS F., Comprehensiveness of Press Coverage of a Food Irradiation Proposal, 62:832-37.

SUMNER, DAVID E., The Religious Press: A Case Study, 66:721-24.

SUMNER, DAVID E., A Clash Over Race: Tennessee Governor Ellington versus CBS, 1960, 68:541-47.

SUMNER, JANINE, See REAGAN. SUMSER, JOHN, Labels Used to Define Central American Situation, 64:850-53.

SURETTE, RAY, Television Viewing and Support of Punitive Criminal Justice Policy, 62:373-77, 450.

SURLIN, STUART H., Value System Changes by Students as Result of Media Ethics Course, 64:564-68.

SUSSMAN, LEONARD R., Dying (and Being Killed) on the Job: A Case Study of World Journalists, 1982-1989, 68:195-99.

SUTHERLAND, LAWRENCE C., How Texas Journalists View Status of FOI Act, 64:202-05.

SWEEP, DUANE D., See CAMERON.

SWENSON, JILL D., See GRISWOLD.

SWENSON, JILL DIANNE, See BENNETT.

SWINDELL, STEVE, See HUDSON.

SWISHER, C. KEVIN and STEPHEN D. REESE, The Smoking and Health Issue in Newspapers: Influence of Regional Economies, the Tobacco Institute and News Objectivity, 69:987-1000.

<< Back

Author Index R, 61-70

Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

RADA, S.E., A Class Action Suit as Public Relations, 62:150-54.

RAGLAND, RUTH ANN, How Mayor Candidates Seek Endorsements in New Mexico, 64:199-202.

RAMAPRASAD, JYOTIKA and DANIEL RIFFE, Effect of U.S.-India Relations on New York Times Coverage, 64:537-43.

RAMAPRASAD, JYOTIKA and KAZUMI HASEGAWA, An Analysis of Japanese Television Commercials, 67:1025-1033.

RAMAPRASAD, JYOTIKA and KAZUMI HASEGAWA, Informational Content of American and Japanese Television Commercials, 69:612-22.

RAMIREZ, RHODA L., See JOHNS.

RANDALL, DONNA M., The Portrayal of Corporate Crime in Network Television Newscasts, 64:150-53.

RANDALL, STARR D., How Editing and Typesetting Technology Affects Typographical Error Rate, 63:763-70.

RANLY, DON, How Organization Editors Regard Their Jobs and Their Profession, 66:949-53.

RAYBURN. J. D., II, PHILIP PALMGREEN and TAWNEY ACKER, Media Gratifications and Choosing A Morning News Program, 61:149-56.

REAGAN, JOEY, Effects of Cable Television on News Use, 61:317-24.

REAGAN, JOEY, RICHARD V. DUCEY and JAMES BERNSTEIN, Local Predictors of Basic and Pay Cable Subscribership, 62:397-400.

REAGAN, JOEY and JANAY COLLINS, Sources of Recipe Information, 63:389-91.

REAGAN, JOEY and JANAY COLLINS, Sources for Health Care Information in Two Small Communities, 64:560-63.

REAGAN, JOEY, New Technologies and News Use: Adopters vs. Nonadopters, 66:871-75.

REAGAN, JOEY, RONALD ANDERSON, JANINE SUMNER and SCOTT HILL, A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith’s Public Relations Roles Scale, 67:177-83.

REAGAN, JOEY, JANINE SUMNER and SCOTT HILL, Using Grunig’s Indices to Differentiate Organizational Public Relations Functions, 69:181-87.

REAGAN, JOEY, See ANDERSON.

REAVES, SHIELA, How Radical Were the Muckrakers? Socialist Press Views, 1902-1906, 61:763-70.

REED, BARBARA STRAUSS, See SHAMIR.

REEP, DIANA C. and FAYE H. DAMBROT, Television’s Professional Women: Working with Men in the 1980s, 64:376-81.

REEP, DIANA C., and FAYE H. DAMBROT, Effects of Frequent Television Viewing on Stereotypes: “Drip, Drip” or “Drench,” 66:542-50.

REESE, STEPHEN D., PAMELA J. SHOEMAKER and WAYNE A. DANIELSON, Social Correlates of Public Attitudes Toward New Communication Technologies, 63:675-82, 692.

REESE, STEPHEN D., JOHN A. DALY and ANDREW P. HARDY, Economic News on Network Television, 64:137-44.

REESE, STEPHEN D., See CHANG.

REESE, STEPHEN D., See DREW.

REESE, STEPHEN D., See LASORSA.

REESE, STEPHEN D., See MCDONALD.

REESE, STEPHEN D., See SHOEMAKER.

REESE, STEPHEN D., See SWISHER.

REID, LEONARD N., HERBERT J. ROTFELD and JAMES H. BARNES, Attention to Magazine Ads as Function of Layout Design, 61:439-41.

REID, LEONARD N., W. RONALD LANE, LEILA S. WENTHE and OTTO W. SMITH, Methods of Presentation Used in Clio-Winning Television Commercials, 62:553-58, 691.

REID, LEONARD N., See HARKEY.

REID, LEONARD N., See SOLEY.

REISNER, ANN E., The News Conference: How Daily Newspaper Editors Construct the Front-Page, 69:971-86.

REISNER, ANN E., See HAYS. RENAUD, JEAN-LUC, U.S. Government Assistance to APÕs Worldwide Expansion, 62:10-16, 36.

RENTNER, TERRY LYNN and JAMES H. BISSLAND, Job Satisfaction and Its Correlates Among Public Relations Workers, 67:950-55.

RHODES, LEARA, Role of Haitian Newspapers in the United States, 70:172-80.

RICCOMINI, BETSY, See STANFORD.

RICHBURG, SUSIE J., See GRUNIG.

RICHSTAD, JIM, See TURK.

RIDDLE, JENNIFER, See NEUWIRTH.

RIEGER, ROBERT H., See SHAPIRO.

RIFE, ANITA, See AKHAVAN-MAJID.

RIFFE, DANIEL, International News Borrowing: A Trend Analysis, 61:142-48.

RIFFE, DANIEL, DONALD SNEED and ROGER L. VAN OMMEREN, Behind the Editorial Page Cartoon, 62:378-83, 450.

RIFFE, DANIEL, DONALD SNEED and ROGER VAN OMMEREN, How Editorial Page Editors And Cartoonists See Issues, 62:896-99.

RIFFE, DANIEL, BRENDA ELLIS, MOMO K. ROGERS, ROGER L. VAN OMMEREN and KIERAN A. WOODMAN, Gatekeeping and the Network News Mix, 63:315-21.

RIFFE, DANIEL, DONALD SNEED and ROGER L. VAN OMMEREN, Deciding the Limits of Taste in Editorial Cartooning, 64:607-10.

RIFFE, DANIEL, Comparison of Media and Other Sources of Information for Alabama Legislators, 65:46-53.

RIFFE, DANIEL and DON W. STACKS, Dimensions of Writing Apprehension Among Mass Communication Students, 65:384-91.

RIFFE, DANIEL, HELENE GOLDSON, KELLY SAXTON, and YANG-CHOU YU, Females and Minorities in TV Ads in 1987 Saturday ChildrenÕs Programs, 66:129-36.

RIFFE, DANIEL and JAMES GLEN STOVALL, Diffusion of News of Shuttle Disaster: What Role for Emotional Response?, 66:551-56.

RIFFE, DANIEL, Media Roles and Legislators’ News Media Use, 67:323-30.

RIFFE, DANIEL and EUGENE F. SHAW, Ownership, Operating, Staffing and Content Characteristics of “News Radio” Stations, 67:684-91.

RIFFE, DANIEL, CHARLES F. AUST, and STEPHEN R. LACY, The Effectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Sampling in Newspaper Content Analysis, 70:133-39.

RIFFE, DANIEL, PATRICIA C. PLACE, and CHARLES M. MAYO, Game Time, Soap Time and Prime Time TV Ads: Treatment of Women in Sunday Football and Rest-of-Week Advertising, 70:437-46.

RIFFE, DANIEL, CHARLES F. AUST, RHONDA J. GIBSON, ELIZABETH K. VIALL, and HUIUK YI, International News and Borrowed News in the New York Times: An Update, 70:638-46.

RIFFE, DANIEL, See LACY.

RIFFE, DANIEL, See RAMAPRASAD.

RIFFE, DANIEL, See YU.

RILEY, SAM G. and GARY SELNOW, Southern Magazine Publishing, 1964-1984, 65:898-901.

RIMMER, TONY and DAVID WEAVER, Different Questions, Different Answers? Media Use and Media Credibility, 64:28-36.

ROBERTS, CHURCHILL L. and SANDRA H. DICKSON, Assessing Quality in Local TV News, 61:392-98.

ROBERTS, MARILYN S., Predicting Voting Behavior Via the Agenda-Setting Tradition, 69:878-92.

ROBERTSON, SUSAN R., See GANTZ.

ROBINSON, JAMES D., See SKILL.

ROGERS, EVERETT M., See CHAFFEE.

ROGERS, MARTHA, See WU.

ROGERS, MOMO K., The Liberian Press: An Analysis, 63:275-81.

ROGERS, MOMO K., See RIFFE.

ROONEY, BRENDA, See VISWANATH.

ROSENBERG, WILLIAM L. and WILLIAM R. ELLIOTT, Effect of Debate Exposure on Evaluation of 1984 Vice-Presidential Candidates, 64:55-64.

ROSENBERG, WILLIAM L., and WILLIAM B. ELLIOTT, Comparison of Media Use by Reporters and Public During Newspaper Strike, 66:18-30.

ROSENBERG, WILLIAM L., See ELLIOTT.

ROSENFELD, RICHARD, See TIEDGE.

ROSENVALL, LYNN A., See KARIEL.

ROSER, CONNIE and LEE BROWN, African Newspaper Editors and the New World Information Order, 63:114-21.

ROSSOW, MARSHEL D. and SHARON DUNWOODY, Inclusion of “Useful” Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy, 68:87-100.

ROTFELD, HERBERT J., See REID.

ROUNER, DONNA, Active Television Viewing and the Cultivation Hypothesis, 61:168-74.

ROUNER, DONNA and RICHARD M. PERLOFF, Selective Perceptions of Outcome of First 1984 Presidential Debate, 65:141-47.

RUBIN, ALAN M., See HAMILTON.

RUBIN, ALAN M., See PERSE.

RUBIN, REBECCA B., ALAN M. RUBIN, ELIZABETH M. PERSE, CAMERON ARMSTRONG, MICHAEL MCHUGH and NOREEN FAIX, Media Use and Meaning of Music Video, 63:353-59.

RUDD, ROBERT, Effects of Issue Specificity, Ambiguity on Evaluations of Candidate Image, 66:675-82.

RUOTOLO, A. CARLOS, A Typology of Newspaper Readers, 65:126-30.

RUTHERFORD, BILL, See PARASCHOS.

RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Ethical Values, the Flow of Journalistic Information and Public Relations Persons, 61:27-34.

RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Public Relations Practitioners, Public Interest and Management, 62:111-15.

RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Attitudes of College Newspaper Advisers Toward Censorship of the Student Press, 63:55-60, 88.

RYAN, MICHAEL, Public Relations Practioners’ Views of Corporate Social Responsibility, 63:740-47, 762.

RYAN, MICHAEL, Organizational Constraints on Corporate Public Relations Practitioners, 64:473-82.

RYAN, MICHAEL, Participative vs. Authoritative Public Relations Environments, 64:853-57.

RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Why the Antagonism? 65:131-40.

RYAN, MICHAEL and DAVID L MARTINSON, Social Science Research, Professionalism and Public Relations Practioners, 67:377-90.

RYAN, MICHAEL, See DUNWOODY.

RYAN, MICHAEL, See KOPENHAVER.

RYSTROM, KENNETH, Apparent Impact of Endorsements by Group and Independent Newspapers, 64:449-53.

<< Back

Author Index M, 61-70

Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

MADDOX, LYNDA M. and ERIC J. ZANOT, Suspension of the NAB Code and Its Effect on Regulation of Advertising, 61:125-30, 156.

MAJOR, ANN MARIE, Attributional Bias in Predictions of Retail Advertising, Content Preferences, 67:826-37.

MAJOR, ANN MARIE, ‘Problematic’ Situations in Press Coverage of the 1988 U.S. and French Elections, 69:600-11.

MAJOR, ANN MARIE, See ATWOOD.

MANNING-MILLER, CARMEN L. and JAMES CROOK, Newspaper Promotions and Coverage of Literacy, 70:118-25.

MANOFF, ROBERT KARL, See HALLIN.

MARLIN, CHERYL L., Space Race Propaganda: U.S. Coverage of the Soviet Sputniks in 1957, 64:544-49.

MARTIN, DON R., See PASTERNACK.

MARTIN, HOWARD H., President Reagan’s Return to Radio, 61:817-21.

MARTIN, SHANNON E., Using Expert Sources in Breaking Science Stories: A Comparison of Magazine Types, 68:179-87.

MARTIN, SHANNON E., See SHAW.

MARTIN, SHANNON ROSSI, Proximity of Event as Factor in Selection of News Sources, 65:986-89.

MARTINDALE, CAROLYN, Newspaper and Wire-Service Leads in Coverage of the 1980 Campaign, 61:339-45.

MARTINDALE, CAROLYN, Coverage of Black Americans in Five Newspapers Since 1950, 62:321-28, 436.

MARTINDALE, CAROLYN, Selected Newspaper Coverage of Causes of Black Protest, 66:920-23.

MARTINSON, DAVID L., See HABERMAN.

MARTINSON, DAVID L., See KOPENHAVER.

MARTINSON, DAVID L., See RYAN.

MARZOLF, MARION T., American ‘New Journalism’ Takes Root in Europe at End of 19th Century, 61:529-36, 691.

MASLAND, JONATHAN, See GANTZ.

MASON, LAURIE and CLIFFORD NASS, How Partisan and Non-Partisan Readers Perceive Political Foes and Newspaper Bias, 66:564-70.

MASON, LAURIE, See COHEN.

MATELSKI, MARILYN J., Image and Influence: Women in Public Television, 62:147-50.

MATERA, FRANCES R., See SALWEN.

MAYO, CHARLES and YORGO PASADEOS, Changes in the International Focus of U.S. Business Magazines, 1964-1988, 68:509-514.

MAYO, CHARLES M., See RIFFE.

MCADAMS, KATHERINE C., Non-Monetary Conflicts of Interest for Newspaper Journalists, 63:700-705, 727.

MCADAMS, KATHERINE C., Power Prose: The Syntax of Presidential News, 67:313-22.

MCCARTNEY, HUNTER P., Applying Fiction Conflict Situations to Analysis of News Stories, 64:163-70.

MCCLENEGHAN, J. SEAN, Impact of Radio Ads on New Mexico Mayoral Races, 64:590-93.

MCCLENEGHAN, J. SEAN, Sportswriters Talk About Themselves: An Attitude Study, 67:114-18.

MCCOMBS, MAXWELL, Effect of Monopoly in Cleveland on Diversity of Newspaper Content, 64:740-44.

MCCOMBS, MAXWELL E., Explorers and Surveyors: Expanding Strategies for Agenda-Setting Research, 69:813-24.

MCCOMBS, MAXWELL E., See WANTA.

MCCONOCHA, DIANE M., See UNGER.

MCCRACKEN, KEVIN W. J., Australia and Australians: View from the New York Times, 64:183-87.

MCDANIEL, DREW, Development News in Two Asian Nations, 63:167-70.

MCDONALD, DANIEL G. and CARROLL J. GLYNN, The Stability of Media Gratifications, 61:542-49, 741.

MCDONALD, DANIEL G. and STEPHEN D. REESE, Television News and Audience Selectivity, 64:763-68.

MCDONALD, DANIEL G., Media Orientation and Television News Viewing, 67:11-20.

MCDONALD, DANIEL G., See MEADOWCROFT.

MCFADDEN, LORI L., See WULFEMEYER.

MCFARLAND, C. K. and ROBERT L. THISTLEWAITE, Labor Press Demands Equal Education in the Age of Jackson, 65:600-08.

MCFARLIN, ROBERT J., JR., See BANTZ.

MCGANN, ANTHONY F. and DAVID SNOOK-LUTHER, Color Quality in Print Advertising, 70:934-38.

MCGRATH, KRISTIN, See GAZIANO.

MCGREGOR, MICHAEL A., Importance of Diversity in Controversy over Financial Interest and Syndication, 61:831-34.

MCGREGOR, MICHAEL A., Assessing FCC Response to Report of ChildrenÕs Television Task Force, 63:481-87, 502.

MCGREGOR, MICHAEL A., Assessment of the Renewal Expectancy in FCC Comparative Renewal Hearings, 66:295-301.

MCHUGH, MICHAEL, See RUBIN.

MCKEAN, MICHAEL L. and VERNON A. STONE, Deregulation and Competition: Explaining the Absence of Local Broadcast News Operations, 69:713-23.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, The Impact of Richmond Newspapers, 61: 785-92.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, Origins of the Actual Malice Test, 62:750-54.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, Recent Privacy Cases Deal with Diverse Issues, 63:374-78.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, Press May Find Justice Scalia Frequent Foe but Impressive Adversary, 65:152-56.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, Courts Restrict Release of Discovery Information, 65:503-07.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, Move to Clear and Convincing Proof as Libel Standard Gain for Media, 66:640-45.

MCLEAN, DECKLE, Libel Consequences of Headlines, 66:924-29.

MCLEOD, D.M., See OLIEN.

MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., See HANSEN.

MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., See KRISHNAIAH.

MCLEOD, DOUGLAS M., See WARD.

MCMANUS, JOHN, How Local Television Learns What Is News, 67:672-83.

MCMILLAN, HENRY, See ERFLE.

MCNELLY, JOHN T. and FAUSTO IZCARAY, International News Exposure and Images of Nations, 63:546-53.

MEADOWCROFT, JEANNE M. and DANIEL G. MCDONALD, Meta Analysis of Research on Children and the Media: Atypical Development? 63:474-80.

MEHRA, ACHAL, ISKCON Court Decisions: Setback for Proselytizing Rights, 61:109-16.

MELTON, GARY WARREN and GILBERT L. FOWLER JR., Female Roles in Radio Advertising, 64:145-49.

MENDEZ-MENDEZ, SERAFIN, See BLANKENSHIP.

MERRILL, JOHN C., Is Ethical Journalism Simply Objective Reporting? 62:391-93.

MERRILL, JOHN C., Inclination of Nations to Control Press and Attitudes on Professionalization, 65:839-44.

MERRON, JEFF and GARRY D. GADDY, Editorial Endorsements: Bias in Coverage of Ferraro’s Finances, 63:127-37.

MESSARIS, PAUL and DENNIS KERR, TV-Related Mother-Child Interaction and Children’s Perceptions of TV Characters, 61:662-66.

MEYER, PHILIP, Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index, 65:567-74.

MEYER, PHILIP and MORGAN DAVID ARANT, Use of an Electronic Database to Evaluate Newspaper Editorial Quality, 69:447-54.

MEYER, PHILIP, See JURGENSEN.

MEYER, WILLIAM H., Structures of North-South Informational Flows: An Empirical Test of GaltungÕs Theory, 68:230-37.

MEYERS, MARGARET LEE, See EBERHARD.

MILLER, KURT M. and OSCAR H. GANDY JR., Paradigmatic Drift: A Bibliographic Review of the Spread of Economic Analysis in the Literature of Communication, 68:663-71.

MILLER, M. MARK, MICHAEL W. SINGLETARY and SHU-LING CHEN, The Roper Question and Television vs. Newspapers as Sources of News, 65:12-19.

MILLER, M. MARK, See HASKINS.

MILLER, PHYLLIS, See BEHNKE.

MILLER, WILLIAM, A View from the Inside: Brainwaves and Television Viewing, 62:508-14.

MILNER, JOE W., See ANDERSON.

MINTZ, ERIC, Newspaper Advertisements in Canadian Election Campaigns, 63:180-84.

MIRALDI, ROBERT, The Journalism of David Graham Phillips, 63:83-88.

MIRALDI, ROBERT, Scaring off the Muckrakers with the Threat of Libel, 65:609-14.

MITCHELL, CATHERINE C. and C. JOAN SCHNYDER, Public Relations for Appalachia: Berea Mountain Life and Work, 66:974-78.

MODT-DESBAREAU, AMITA, See LEVIN.

MONTGOMERY, LOUISE F., Criticism of Government Officials in the Mexican Press, 1951-1980, 62:763-69.

MONTGOMERY, LOUISE F., Image of the United States in the Latin American Press, 65:655-60.

MOON, YOUNG SOOK, See STOUT.

MOORE, BARBARA and MICHAEL SINGLETARY, Scientific SourcesÕ Perceptions of Network News Accuracy, 62:816-23.

MOORE, ROY L., See AUTER.

MORALES, WALTRAUD QUEISER, Latin America on Network TV, 61:157-60.

MORGAN, MADELYN PERONI, See PRITCHARD.

MORGAN, MICHAEL, Heavy Television Viewing and Perceived Quality of Life, 61:499-504, 740.

MORGAN, MICHAEL, Television and Adults’ Verbal Intelligence, 63:537-41.

MORGAN, MICHAEL, See KANG.

MORIARTY, SANDRA E. and GINA M. GARRAMONE, A Study of Newsmagazine Photographs of the 1984 Presidential Campaign, 63:728-34.

MORIARTY, SANDRA E., A Content Analysis of Visuals Used in Print Media Advertising, 64:550-54.

MORIARTY, SANDRA E. and MARK N. POPOVICH, Newsmagazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential Election, 68:371-80.

MORIARTY, SANDRA E., See WILCOX.

MORIARTY, SANDRA ERNST, Novelty vs. Practicality in Advertising Typography, 61:188-90.

MORIARTY, SANDRA ERNST, A Search for the Optimum Line Length, 63:337-40, 435.

MORRIS, JIM R., See GAGNARD.

MORTON, LINDA P. and JOHN WARREN, Proximity: Localization vs. Distance in PR News Releases, 69:1023-28.

MUELLER, BARBARA, See WULFEMEYER.

MULLIGAN, WILLlAM A., Remnants of Cultural Revolution in Chinese Journalism of the 1980s, 65:20-25.

MUMERT, TOMMY L., See FOWLER.

MUNDY, PAUL, See GUNTHER.

MURPHY, JOHN H., See WILCOX.

MURRAY, MICHAEL J. and SYLVIA E. WHITE, VCR Owners’ Use of Pay Cable Services, 64:193-95.

MUSSON, TRUDIE, See BRINTNALL.

MUTZ, DIANA, See COHEN.

<< Back

Author Index H, 61-70

Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

HAAS, JOHN W., See ALLEN.

HABERMAN, DAVID A., The Single-Publication Rule: A Solution That Raises Problems, 61:623-28, 744.

HABERMAN, PETER, LILLIAN LODGE KOPENHAVER and DAVID L. MARTINSON, Sequence Facultv Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation, 65:490-96.

HACHTEN, WILLIAM A. and BRIAN BEIL, Bad News or No News?: Covering Africa, 1965-1982, 62:626-30.

HACHTEN, WILLIAM A., Media Development without Press Freedom: Lee Kuan YewÕs Singapore, 66:822-27.

HACKETT, ROBERT A., A Hierarchy of Access: Aspects of Source Bias in Canadian TV News, 62:256-65, 277.

HAJASH, DONNA J., See SMITH.

HAKANEN, ERNEST A., See WELLS.

HALE, F. DENNIS, Free Expression: The First Five Years of the Rehnquist Court, 69:89-104.

HALE, GARY A. and RICHARD C. VINCENT, Locally Produced Programming on Independent Television Stations, 63:562-67.

HALLIN, DANIEL, ROBERT KARL MANOFF, and JUDY K. WEDDLE, Sourcing Patterns of National Security Reporters, 70:753-66.

HAMILTON, NEAL F. and ALAN M. RUBIN, The Influence of Religiosity on Television News, 69:667-78.

HANDELMAN, AUDREY, Political Cartoonists as They Saw Themselves During the 1950s, 61:137-41.

HANKS, WILLIAM and LEMUEL SCHOFIELD, Limitations on the State as Editor in State-Owned Broadcast Stations, 63:797-801.

HANKS, WILLIAM E. and STEPHEN E. CORAN, Federal Preemption of Obscenity Law Applied to Cable Television, 63:43-47.

HANNAN, PETER, See FINNEGAN.

HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., JEAN WARD and DOUGLAS M. MCLEOD, Role of the Newspaper Library in the Production of News, 64:714-20.

HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., Information Richness and Newspaper Pulitzer Prizes, 67:930-35.

HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., Source Diversity and Newspaper Enterprise Journalism, 68:474-82.

HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., See BUSTERNA.

HANSEN, KATHLEEN A., See WARD.

HAQUE, S. M. MAZAHARUL, News Content Homogeneity in Elite Indian Dailies, 63:827-33.

HARDING, CHRISTINA M., See KRISTIANSEN.

HARDY, ANDREW P., See CHOE.

HARDY, ANDREW P., See REESE.

HARKEY, WILLIAM H., LEONARD N. REID and KAREN WHITEHILL KING, Army AdvertisingÕs Perceived Influence: Some Preliminary Findings, 65:719-25.

HARMON, MARK, See BATES.

HARMON, MARK, See DYE.

HARMON, MARK D., Mr. Gates Goes Electronic: The What and Why Questions in Local TV News, 66:857-63.

HARTUNG, BARBARA, See STONE.

HARTUNG, BARBARA W., ALFRED JACOBY and DAVID M. DOZIER, ReadersÕ Perceptions of Purpose of Newspaper Ombudsman Program, 69:914-19.

HARWOOD, PHILIP J., See LAIN.

HASEGAWA, KAZUMI, See RAMAPRASAD.

HASKINS, JACK B., and M. MARK MILLER, The Effects of Bad News and Good News on a NewspaperÕs Image, 61:3-13, 65.

HASKINS, JACK B., M. MARK MILLER and JAN QUARLES, Reliability of the News Direction Scale for Analysis of the Good-Bad News Dimension, 61:524-28.

HAVICE, MICHAEL, How Response Rates Compare for Human and Digitized Phone Surveys, 66:137-42.

HAVICE, MICHAEL J., Measuring Nonresponse and Refusals to An Electronic Telephone Survey, 67:521-30.

HAVICE, MICHAEL J., See TIEDGE.

HAWS, DICK, Minorities in the Newsroom and Community: A Comparison, 68:764-71.

HAYS, ROBERT G. and ANN E. REISNER, Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures, 67:936-42.

HAYS, ROBERT G. and ANN E. REISNER, Farm Journalists and Advertiser Influence: Pressures on Ethical Standards, 68:172-78.

HECKER, SIDNEY, See STOUT.

HEETER, CARRIE, NATALIE BROWN, STAN SOFFIN, CYNTHIA STANLEY and MICHAEL SALWEN, Agenda-Setting by Electronic Text News, 66:101-106.

HEETER, CARRIE, See ATKIN.

HEETER, CARRIE, See ATWATER.

HEINTZ-KNOWLES, KATHERINE, See CARTER.

HELLE, STEVEN, Judging Public Interest in Libel: The Gertz Decision’s Contribution, 61:117-24.

HEMELS, BERNADETTE M., See BECKER.

HENDRICKSON, LAURA, Media Reliance and Complexity of Perspective on International Relations, 66:876-80.

HENKE, LUCY L., THOMAS R. DONOHUE, CHRISTOPHER COOK and DIANE CHEUNG, The Impact of Cable on Traditional TV News Viewing, 61:174-78.

HENKE, LUCY L. and THOMAS R. DONOHUE, Teletext Viewing Habits and Preferences, 63:542-45, 553.

HENNING, VOLKER, See SMITH.

HENNINGHAM, J.P., Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index, 61:302-09.

HENNINGHAM, JOHN P., Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii’s Newspeople, 70:550-57.

HENRY, SUSAN, Exception to the Female Model: Colonial Printer Mary Crouch, 62:725-33, 749.

HENRY, SUSAN, ‘Dear Companion, Ever-Ready Co-Worker:’ A WomanÕs Role in a Media Dynasty, 64:301-12.

HERBST, SUSAN, Assessing Public Opinion in the 1930s-1940s: Retrospective Views of Journalists, 67:943-49.

HERMANSON, LOUISE WILLIAMS, News Council Complainants: Who Are They and What Do They Want? 70:947-70.

HEWITT, JOHN and RICK HOULBERG, Local Broadcast News Editors and Managers: A Multiple Station, Single Market Study, 63:834-39.

HICKSON, TERRY M., See FINN.

HIGHTOWER, PAUL, The Influence of Training on Taking and Judging Photos, 61:682-86.

HILL, SCOTT, See REAGAN.

HILLIARD, ROBERT D., The Graphics Explosion: Questions Remain About Roles, 66:192-94.

HILT, MICHAEL L., See LIPSCHULTZ.

HINDE, DENNIS and GARY SCOFIELD, Is Bigger Better in Yellow Pages Ads?, 61:185-87.

HINDMAN, ELIZABETH BLANKS, First Amendment Theories and Press Responsibility: The Work of Zechariah Chafee, Thomas Emerson, Vincent Blasi and Edwin Baker, 69:48-64.

HINKLE, GERALD, and WILLIAM R. ELLIOTT, Science Coverage in Three Newspapers and Three Supermarket Tabloids, 66:353-58.

HIRSCHMANN, EDWIN, An Editor Speaks for the Natives: Robert Knight in 19th Century India, 63:260-67.

HOFFERT, SYLVIA D., New York City’s Penny Press and the Issue of Women’s Rights, 1848-1860, 70:656-65.

HOFSTETTER, C. RICHARD and DAVID M. DOZIER, Useful News, Sensational News: Quality, Sensationalism and Local TV News, 62:815-20, 853.

HOLSINGER, G. ROBERT, See BURRY.

HONG, JAE W., See ZINKHAN.

HOPKINS, W. WAT, Flag Desecration as Seditious Iibel, 68:814-22.

HORNIG, SUSANNA, Science Stories: Risk, Power, and Perceived Emphasis, 67:767-76.

HORNIG, SUSANNA, Framing Risk: Audience and Reader Factors, 69:679-89.

HORVATH-NEIMEYER, PAULA S., Contracts and Confidential Sources: The Implications of Cohen v. Cowles Media, 67:1078-1082.

HOSMAN, LAWRENCE A., See WITIOTA.

HOULBERG, RICK, See HEWITT.

HOULBERG, RICK, See KAPLAN.

HOUSEL, THOMAS J., Understanding and Recall of TV News, 61:505-508, 741.

HOUWEN, REINDER J., See WIEGMAN.

HOVLAND, ROXANNE and RONALD E. TAYLOR, Advertising and Commercial Speech Since the 1986 Posadas Case, 67:1083-1089.

HOVLAND, ROXANNE, See TUCKER.

HOVLAND, ROXANNE, See WILCOX.

HOWARD, HERBERT H., An Update on Cable TV Ownership: 1985, 63:706-09, 781.

HOWARD, HERBERT H., EDWARD BLICK and JAN P. QUARLES, Media Choices for Specialized News, 64:620-23.

HOWARD, HERBERT H., Group and Cross-Media Ownership of TV Stations: A 1989 Update, 66:785-91.

HOWARD, HERBERT H., See OGLES.

HOWARD-PITNEY, DAVID, Calvin ChaseÕs Washington Bee and Black Middle-Class Ideology, 1882-1900, 63:89-97.

HOWENSTINE, ERICK, Environmental Reporting: Shift from 1970 to 1982, 64:842-46.

HSU, KENNETH, See SHOEMAKER.

HUBBARD, J. T. W., Newspaper Business Staffs Increase Markedly in Last Decade, 64:171-77.

HUBBARD, TOM, See CONRAD SMITH.

HUDSON, JERRY C. and STEVE SWINDEL, TV News in Saudi Arabia, 65:1003-06.

HUFF, W.A. KELLY, FCC Standard-Setting with Regard to FM Stereo and AM Stereo, 68:483-90.

HUGHES, ROBERT L., Rationalizing Libel Law in Wake of Gertz: The Problem and a Proposal, 62:540-47, 566.

HUGHES, ROBERT L., Radio Libel Laws: Relics That May Have Answer for Reform Needed Today, 63:288-93, 359.

HURD, ROBERT E., and MICHAEL W. SINGLETARY, Newspaper Endorsement Influence on the 1980 Presidential Election Vote, 61:332-38.

HUSTON, ALETHA, See CANINO.

HUSTON, ALETHA C., See KERKMAN.

HYNDS, ERNEST C., Editorials, Opinion Pages Still Have Vital Roles at Most Newspapers, 61:634-39.

HYNDS, ERNEST C., Large Daily Newspapers Have Improved Coverage of Religion, 64:444-48.

HYNDS, ERNEST C., Editors Expect Editorial Pages to Remain Vital in the Year 2000, 66:441-45.

HYNDS, ERNEST C., Survey Finds Large Daily Newspapers Have Improved Coverage of Education, 66:692-96.

HYNDS, ERNEST C., Changes in Editorials: A Study of Three Newspapers, 1955-1985, 67:302-312.

<< Back

Author Index B, 61-70

Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

BADARRACO, CLAIRE, The Influence Of Publicity Typologies on Sherwood Anderson’s News Values, 66:979-86.

BADARACCO, CLAIRE, Alternatives to Newspaper Advertising, 1890-1920: Printers’ Innovative Product and Message Designs, 67:1042-1050.

BADER, RENATE G., How Science News Sections Influence Newspaper Science Coverage: A Case Study, 67:88-96.

BADGER, DAVID P., See WYATT.

BADII, NAIIM and L. ERWIN ATWOOD, How the Tehran Press Responded to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, 63:517-23, 536.

BADRAN, BADRAN A., Press-Government Relations in Jordan: A Case Study, 65:335-40.

BALDASSARE, MARC, and CHERYL KATZ, Who Will Talk to Reporters? Biases in Survey Reinterviews, 66:907-12.

BALDASTY, GERALD J. and MYRON K. JORDAN, Scripps’ Competitive Strategy: The Art of Non-Competition, 70:265-75.

BALDWIN, THOMAS, See ATKIN.

BALDWIN, THOMAS, See SIEMICKI.

BALDWIN, THOMAS F., MARIANNE BARRETT and BENJAMIN BATES, Influence of Cable on Television News Audiences, 69:651-58.

BALL-ROKEACH, SANDRA J., See LOGES.

BANKS, MARY J., See PORTER.

BANKS, STEVEN R., See COOK.

BANTZ, CHARLES R. and ROBERT J. MCFARLIN, JR., Broadcast JournalistsÕ Education in a Metropolitan Setting, 64:610-13.

BARAN, STANLEY J., See ZAHN.

BAREFIELD, PAUL A., See LOWRY.

BARNES, JAMES H., See REID.

BARNHURST, KEVIN G. and JOHN C. NERONE, Design Trends in U.S. Front Pages, 1885-1985, 68:796-804.

BARRANCO, DEBORAH A. and LEONARD SHYLES, Arab vs. Israeli News Coverage in the New York Times, 1976 and 1984, 65:178-81.

BARRETT, GRACE H., Job Satisfaction Among Newspaperwomen, 61:593-99.

BARRETT, MARIANNE, See BALDWIN.

BASIL, MICHAEL D., Primary News Source Changes: Question Wording, Availabiliby, and Cohort Effects, 67:708-22.

BATES, BENJAMIN and MARK HARMON, Do “Instant Polls” Hit the Spot? Phone-in vs. Random Sampling of Public Opinion, 70:369-80.

BATES, BENJAMIN, See BALDWIN.

BAXTER, RICHARD L., See DE RIEMER.

BEACH, DOUGLAS W., See BERKOWITZ.

BEAM, RANDAL A., SHARON DUNWOODY and GERALD M. KOSICKI, The Relationship of Prize-Winning to Prestige and Job Satisfaction, 63:693-99.

BEAM, RANDAL A., The Impact of Group Ownership Variables on Organizational Professionalism at Daily Newspapers, 70:907-18.

BEASLEY, MAURINE, Eleanor Roosevelt’s Press Conferences: Symbolic Importance of a Pseudo-Event, 61:274-79, 338.

BECKER, LEE, See SMITH.

BECKER, LEE B., GERALD M. KOSICKI and FELICIA JONES, Racial Differences in Evaluations of the Mass Media, 69:124-34.

BECKER, LEE B. and BERNADETTE M. HEMELS, The Impact of Training on User Evaluations of Videotext, 69:1001-09.

BECKER, LEE B., GERALD M. KOSICKI, THOMAS ENGLEMAN, and K. VISWANATH, Finding Work and Getting Paid: Predictors of Success in the Mass Communications Market, 70:919-33.

BEHNKE, RALPH R. and PHYLLIS MILLER, Viewer Reactions to Content and Presentational Format of Television News, 69:659-66.

BEIL, BRIAN, See HACHTEN.

BELLAMY, ROBERT V. JR., See WALKER.

BENJAMIN, LOUISE M., Birth Of a NetworkÕs “Conscience”: The NBC Advisory Council, 1927, 66:587-90.

BENJAMIN, LOUISE M., The Precedent that Almost Was: A 1926 Court Effort to Regulate Radio, 67:578-85.

BENNETT, ELLEN M., JILL DIANE SWENSON and JEFF S. WILKINSON, Is the Medium the Message?: An Experimental Test with Morbid News, 69:921-28.

BENZE, JAMES G. and EUGENE R. DECLERCQ, Content of Television Political Spot Ads for Female Candidates, 62:278-83, 288.

BERKMAN, DAVE, LetÕs Sightsee RadiovisionÐTV Terms That Didn’t Last, 63:626-27.

BERKMAN, DAVE, Politics and Radio in the 1924 Campaign, 64:422-28.

BERKMAN, DAVE, Chauvinism, Populism and Pre-War TV: Two Views as Seen by the Press, 1937-42, 65:347-52.

BERKOWITZ, DAN, TV News Sources and News Channels: A Study in Agenda Building, 64:508-13.

BERKOWITZ, DAN and DAVID PRITCHARD, Political Knowledge and Communication Resources, 66:697-702.

BERKOWITZ, DAN and DOUGLAS B. ADAMS, Information Subsidy and Agenda-Building in Local Television News, 67:723-31.

BERKOWITZ, DAN and DOUGLAS W. BEACH, News Sources and News Context: The Effect of Routine News, Conflict and Proximity, 70:4-12.

BERKOWITZ, DAN, See PRITCHARD.

BERNSTEIN, JAMES, See REAGAN.

BERNSTEIN, JAMES M., STEPHEN LACY, CATHERINE CASSARA and TUEN-YU LAU, Geographic Coverage by Local Television News, 67:663-71.

BERNSTEIN, JAMES M. and STEPHEN LACY, Contextual Coverage of Government by Local Television News, 69:329-40.

BERNSTEIN, JAMES M., See NIEBAUER.

BERNSTEIN, JAMES M., See SALWEN.

BETHUNE, BEVERLY M., A Sociological Profile of the Daily Newspaper Photographer, 61:606-14, 743.

BIRD, S. ELIZABETH, Newspaper Editors’ Attitudes Reflect Ethical Doubt on Surreptitious Recording, 62:284-88.

BISSLAND, JAMES H., See RENTNER.

BISWAS, ABHIJIT, See LICATA.

BISWAS, ABHIJIT, See ZINKHAN.

BIVINS, THOMAS H., Format Preferences in Editorial Cartooning, 61:182-85.

BIVINS, THOMAS H., The Body Politic: The Changing Shape of Uncle Sam, 64:13-20.

BLACKWOOD, ROY, Ronbo and the Peanut Farmer in Canadian Editorial Cartoons, 66:453-57.

BLACKWOOD, ROY E., International News Photos in U.S. and Canadian Papers, 64:195-99.

BLAIR, EDWARD, See ZINKHAN.

BLANCHARD, MARGARET A., Free Expression and Wartime: Lessons from the Past, Hopes for the Future, 69:5-17.

BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B., Consolidation in Two-Newspaper Firms, 62:474-81.

BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B., Predicting Newspaper Circulation After Consolidation, 64:585-87.

BLANKENBURG, WILLIAM B. and GARY W. OZANICH, The Effects of Public Ownership on the Financial Performance of Newspaper Corporations, 70:68-75.

BLANKENSHIP, JANE, SERAFIN MENDEZ-MENDEZ, JONG GUEN KANG and JOSEPH GIORDANO, Initial Construction of Ferraro in Newspaper Editorials, 63:378-82.

BLANKS, S. ELIZABETH, See GLASSER.

BLICK, EDWARD, See HOWARD.

BOEHME-DUERR, KARIN, See GRUBE.

BOER, HENK, See WIEGMAN.

BOHLE, ROBERT H., Negativism as News Selection Predictor, 63:789-96.

BOHLE, ROBERT H. and MARIO GARCIA, Reader Response to Color Halftones and Spot Color in Newspaper Design, 64:731-39.

BONNSTETTER, CATHY MEO, Magazine Coverage of Mentally Handicapped, 63:623-26.

BOONE, ALLYN, See NORTON.

BORUSZKOWSKI, LILLY ANN, See VINCENT.

BOSTIAN, LLOYD R. and TOMAS E. BYRNE, Comprehension of Styles of Science Writing, 61:676-78.

BOVEE, WARREN G., Horace Greeley and Social Reponsibility, 63:251-59.

BOW, JAMES and BEN SILVER, Effects of Herbert v. Lando on Small Newspapers and TV Stations, 61:414-18.

BOWLES, DOROTHY, Newspaper Attention to (and Support of) First Amendment Cases, 1919-1969, 66:579-86.

BOWLES, DOROTHY A. and REBEKAH V. BROMLEY, Newsmagazine Coverage of the Supreme Court During the Reagan Administrations, 69:948-59.

BOYD, DOUGLAS A. and ALl M. NAJAI, Adolescent TV Viewing in Saudi Arabia, 61:295-301, 351.

BOYD, DOUGLAS A. and MORAD ASI, Transnational Radio Listening Among Saudi Arabian University Students, 68:211-15.

BOYD, DOUGLAS A., See VAN TUBERGEN.

BOYD, LASLO V., See THOMAS.

BOYER, JOHN H., The AT&T Consent Order and Electronic Publishing, 62:797-806.

BRAMAN, SANDRA, Public Expectations of Media Versus Standards in Codes of Ethics, 65:71-77.

BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON and VANESSA WILSON, Images of the Elderly in Life and Ebony, 1978-1987, 66:185-88.

BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON, Civil Rights Vanguard in the Deep South: Newspaper Portrayal of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964-1977, 68:515-21.

BRAMLETT-SOLOMON, SHARON, Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Black Journalists, 69:703-12.

BRASSFIELD, LYNN T., See ABBOTT.

BRENDLINGER, NANCY, See SHOEMAKER.

BRIDGES, JANET A., News Use on the Front Pages of the American Daily, 66:332-37.

BRIDGES, JANET A., Daily Newspaper Managing Editors’ Perceptions of News Media Functions, 68:719-28.

BRIDGES, JANET A., See LOWRY.

BRIDGES, LAMAR W., George Kibbe Turner of McClure’s Magazine, 61:178-82.

BRINTNALL, MICHAEL, JEAN FOLKERTS and TRUDIE MUSSON, News about State Community Block Grant Prograrns: A Survey of State Directors, 67:163-70.

BRODY, E. W., Impact of Cable Television on Library Borrowing, 61:686-89.

BROMLEY, REBEKAH V., See BOWLES.

BROSIUS, HANS-BERND, Format Effects on Comprehension of Television News, 68:396-401.

BROSIUS, HANS-BERND and HANS MATHIAS KEPPLINGER, Beyond Agenda-Setting: The Influence of Partisanship and Television Reporting on the ElectorateÕs Voting Intentions, 69:893-901.

BROWN, JANE DELANO, CARL R. BYBEE, STANLEY T. WEARDEN and DULCIE MURDOCK STRAUGHAN, Invisible Power: Newspaper News Sources and the Limits of Diversity, 64:45-54.

BROWN, LEE, See ROSER.

BROWN, NATALIE A. and TONY ATWATER, Videotex News: A Content Analysis of Three Videotex Services and Their Companion Newspapers, 63:554-61.

BROWN, NATALIE, See ATWATER.

BROWN, NATALIE, See HEETER.

BROWNLIE, COLLEEN FAYE, See JOHNS.

BRYSON, ROBERT L., JR., See TURK.

BUCHHOLZ, MICHAEL, Social Responsibility of the Texas Revolutionary Press, 65:185-89.

BUCHHOLZ, MICHAEL, Racial References in the Texas Press, 1813-1836, 67:586-91.

BUCKMAN, ROBERT, How Eight Weekly Newsmagazines Covered Elections in Six Countries, 70:780-92.

BUDDENBAUM, JUDITH M., Analysis of Religion News Coverage in Three Major Newspapers, 63:600-06.

BULLER, DAVID B., See BURGOON.

BULLION, STUART J., U.S. News Media Citations in Neues Deutschland, 63:170-74.

BUNKER, MATTHEW D., Lifting The Veil: Ethics Bodies, the Citizen-Critic, and the First Amendment, 70:98-107.

BUNKER, MATTHEW D., PAUL H. GATES JR., and SIGMAN L. SPLICHAL, RICO and Obscenity Prosecutions: Racketeering Laws Threaten Free Expression, 70:692-99.

BUNKER, MATTHEW D. and SIGMAN L. SPLICHAL, Legally Enforceable Reporter-Source Agreements: Chilling News Gathering at the Source? 70:939-46.

BURGOON, JUDEE K., MICHAEL BURGOON and DAVID B. BULLER, Newspaper Image: Dimensions and Relation to Demographics, Satisfaction, 63:771-81.

BURGOON, JUDEE K., MICHAEL BURGOON, DAVID R. BULLER, RAY COKER and DEBORAH A. COKER, Minorities and Journalism: Career Orientations Among High School Students, 64:434-43.

BURGOON, JUDEE K., MICHAEL BURGOON, DAVID B. BULLER and CHARLES K. ATKIN, Communication Practices of Journalists: Interaction with Public, Other Journalists, 65:125-32.

BURKHART, FORD N. and CAROL K. SIGELMAN, Byline Bias? Effects of Gender on News Article Evaluations, 67:492-500.

BURKS, KIMBERLY K. and VERNON A. STONE, Career-Related Characteristics of Male and Female News Directors, 70:542-49.

BURRISS, LARRY L., Accuracy of News Magazines as Perceived by News Sources, 62:824-27.

BURRISS, LARRY L., How Anchors, Reporters and Newsmakers Affect Recall and Evaluation of Stories, 64:514-19.

BURRISS, LARRY L., Use of Audio Inserts in Network Radio Newscasts, 65:474-78.

BURRISS, LARRY L., Attribution in Network Radio News: A Cross Network Analysis, 65:690-94.

BURRISS, LARRY L., Changes in Presidential Press Conferences, 66:468-71.

BURRY, YVONNE HEATHER, G. ROBERT HOLSINGER and KATHY A. KRENDL, Restaurant Critics: Who Are They? What Are They Saying? 62:400-03.

BUSBY, LINDA J. and GREG LEICHTY, Feminism and Advertising in Traditional and Nontraditional WomenÕs Magazines, 1950s-1980s, 70:247-64.

BUSH, STEVE, See GAMST.

BUSTERNA, JOHN C., The Cross-Elasticity of Demand for National Newspaper Advertising, 64:346-51.

BUSTERNA, JOHN C., National Advertising Pricing: Chain vs. Independent Newspapers, 65:307-12.

BUSTERNA, JOHN C., Trends in Daily Newspaper Ownership, 65:831-38. BUSTERNA, JOHN C., How Managerial Ownership Affects Profit Maximization in Newspaper Firms, 66:302-307.

BUSTERNA, JOHN C. and KATHLEEN A. HANSEN, Presidential Endorsement Patterns By Chain-Owned Papers, 1976-84, 67:286-94.

BUSTERNA, JOHN C., Price Discrimination as Evidence of Newspaper Chain Market Power, 68:5-14.

BUSTERNA, JOHN C., KATHLEEN A. HANSEN and JEAN WARD, Competition, Ownership, Newsroom and Library Resources in Large Newspapers, 68:729-39.

BYBEE, CARL R., See BROWN.

BYRNE, TOMAS E., See BOSTIAN.

BYTWERK, RANDALL L., Handling Unpleasant News in the East German Press, 62:136-38.

BYTWERK, RANDALL L., The Dolt Laughs: Satirical Publications under Hitler and Honecker, 69:1029-38.

<< Back

Author Index A, 61-70

Journalism Quarterly Index Vol. 61-70 •  1984 to 1993

ABEL, JOHN D., See COLLINS.

ABELMAN, ROBERT, Motivations for Viewing the “700 Club,” 65:112-18.

ABELMAN, ROBERT and GARRY PETTEY, How Political is Religious Television? 65:313-19.

ABELMAN, ROBERT, News on the “700 Club” After Pat RobertsonÕs Political Fall, 67:157-62.

ABELMAN, ROBERT, Influence of News Coverage of the “Scandal” on PTL Viewers, 68:101-110.

ABBOTT, ERIC A., and LYNN T. BRASSFIELD, Comparing Decisions on Releases by TV and Newspaper Gatekeepers, 66:853-56.

ACHARYA, LALIT, Public Relations Environments, 62:577-84.

ACKER, TAWNEY, See RAYBURN.

ADAMS, DOUGLAS B., See BERKOWITZ.

ADAMS, R. C. and GAIL M. WEBBER, The Audience for, and Male vs. Female Reaction to, ÔThe Day After,Õ 61:812-16.

ADAMS, R.C. and MARIORIE J. FISH, TV News DirectorsÕ Perception of Station Management Style, 64:154-62.

ADLER, KEITH, See VANDEN BERGH.

ADLER, KEITH E., See VANDEN BERGH.

ADRIAN, MARY A., See VANDEN BERGH.

AKHAVAN-MAJID, ROYA, The Press as an Elite Power Group in Japan, 67:1006-1014.

AKHAVAN-MAJID, ROYA ANITA RIFE and SHEILA GOPINATH, Chain Ownership and Editorial Independence: A Case Study of Gannett Newspapers, 68:59-66.

ALBAUM, GERALD, See PETERSON. AL-ENAD, ABDULRAHMAN H., Counting Items Versus Measuring Space in Content Analysis, 68:657-62.

ALGRAAWI, MBARK A. and HUGH M. CULBERTSON, Relation Between Attribution Specificity and Accessibility to News Sources, 64:799-804.

ALLDRIDGE, TIM, See GAMST. ALLEN, CHRIS T., See WEINBERGER. ALLEN, CRAIG, Our First “Television” Candidate: Eisenhower over Stevenson in 1956, 65:352-60.

ALLEN, CRAIG, News Conferences on TV: Ike Age Politics Revisited, 70:13-25.

ALLEN, DAVID S., See GLASSER.

ALLEN, MYRIA WATKINS, JOY HART SEIBERT, JOHN W. HAAS and STEPHANIE ZIMMERMAN, Broadcasting Departmental Impact on Employee Perceptions and Conflict, 65:668-77.

ALLEYNE, MARK D. and JANET WAGNER, Stability and Change At The “Big Five” News Agencies, 70:40-50.

ALTHEIDE, DAVID L., Impact of Format and Ideology on TV News Coverage of Iran, 62:346-51.

ANDERSON, DAVID A., Presumed Harm: An Item for the Unfinished Agenda of Times v. Sullivan, 62:24-30.

ANDERSON, DOUGLAS, How Managing Editors View and Deal with Newspaper Ethical Issues, 64:341-45.

ANDERSON DOUGLAS A. and CLAUDIA J. ANDERSON, Weather Coverage in Dailies, 63:382-85.

ANDERSON, DOUGLAS A., JOE W. MILNER and MARY-LOU GALICIAN, How Editors View Legal Issues and the Rehnquist Court, 65:294-98.

ANDERSON, JAMES, See FURNO-LAMUDE.

ANDERSON, RONALD and JOEY REAGAN, Practitioner Roles and Uses of New Technologies, 69:156-65. ANDERSON, RONALD, See REAGAN.

ANDERSON, RONALD B., See ATWATER.

ANDREASEN, MARGARET, Attentional Penchants and Recall of Information from Background Radio, 63:24-30, 37.

ANDSAGER, JULIE L., Perceptions of Credibility of Male and Female Syndicated Political Columnists, 67:485-91.

ANDSAGER, JULIE, See WHITE.

ANDSAGER, JULIE L., See WHITE.

ARANT, MORGAN DAVID, JR., Press Identification of Victims of Sexual Assault: Weighing Privacy and Constitutional Concerns, 68:238-52.

ARANT, MORGAN DAVID, See MEYER.

ARICO, SANTO L., Breaking the Ice: An In-Depth Look at Oriana FallaciÕs Interview Techniques, 63:587-93.

ARLUKE, ARNOLD, See LEVIN.

ARMSTRONG, CAMERON, See RUBIN.

ASHDOWN, PAUL, See CAUDILL.

ASI, MORAD, See BOYD.

ATKIN, DAVID, CARRIE HEETER, and THOMAS BALDWIN, How Presence of Cable Affects Parental Mediation Of TV Viewing, 66:557-63.

ATKIN, DAVID and ROBERT LAROSE, Cable Access: Market Concerns Amidst the Marketplace of Ideas, 68:354-62.

ATKIN, DAVID, See LAROSE.

ATKIN, DAVID, See SIEMICKI.

ATKINS, CHARLES K., See BURGOON.

ATWATER, TONY, Product Differentiation in Local TV News, 61:757-62.

ATWATER, TONY, MICHAEL B. SALWEN and RONALD B. ANDERSON, Media Agenda-Setting With Environmental Issues, 62:393-97.

ATWATER, TONY, CARRIE HEETER and NATALIE BROWN, Foreshadowing the Electronic Publishing Age: First Exposures to Viewtron, 62:807-15.

ATWATER, TONY, Network Evening News Coverage of the TWA Hostage Crisis, 64:520-25.

ATWATER, TONY and NORMA F. GREEN, News Sources in Network Coverage of International Terrorism, 65:967-71.

ATWATER, TONY, See BROWN.

ATWATER, TONY, See LACY.

ATWOOD, ERWIN L., See BADII.

ATWOOD, L. ERWIN and ANN MARIE MAJOR, Applying Situational Communication Theory to an International Political Problem: Two Studies, 68:200-210.

AUST, CHARLES F., See RIFFE.

AUSTIN, ERICA WEINTRAUB, The Importance of Perspective in Parent-Child Interpretations of Family Communication Patterns, 70:558-68.

AUTER, PHILIP J. and DONALD M. DAVIS, When Characters Speak Directly to Viewers: Breaking the Fourth Wall in Television, 68:165-71.

AUTER, PHILIP J. and ROY L. MOORE, Buying From a Friend: A Content Analysis of Two Teleshopping Programs, 70:425-36.

AVERY, DONALD R., American Over European Community? Newspaper Content Changes, 1808-1812, 63:311-14.

AVERY, PHILLIS ANN and JOHN D. STEVENS, Effects of Gertz Decision in One Circuit, 61:889-92.

<< Back

Public Relations Division 2010 Abstracts

Open Competition
Effect of Message Type in Strategic Advocacy Communication: Investigating Strategies to Combat Ageism • Terri Bailey, Florida Gulf Coast University • This experimental research study investigated the effects that message type in mass media messages have on attitudes toward older adults among undergraduate college students. The purpose of the study was to investigate strategic communication message strategies that could be employed to combat negative stereotypes that stigmatize a social group, in this case older adults. Due to the large population of aging baby boomers, efforts to combat prejudice and discrimination against older adults—termed ageism—is both timely and salient. Theoretical bases for the study included social identity theory and the elaboration likelihood model. Three types of message appeal conditions (cognitive, affective, and mixed cognitive/affective) were presented in simulated Yahoo.com online news articles that combated two negative stereotypes of adults over age 65. The simulated news article was designed to reflect a published press release disseminated to the media by an age organization. The results showed that presenting fact-based cognitive arguments supported by research evidence was a more effective message strategy for producing positive attitude change toward older adults among the 200 undergraduate students participating in this experiment than were affective messages based on emotional appeals, subjective personal evaluations, and compassionate arguments or a combination of cognitive and affective appeals. Furthermore, results indicated the importance of mass media messages in terms of producing positive attitude change toward a stigmatized social group, older adults. There was significant positive attitude change toward older adults after exposure to the stimulus materials in both the immediate and time-delayed (one week) conditions.

Eclipsing Message Meaning: Exploring the Role of Source Identity and Cynicism in Publics’ Perceptions of Health Care Reform Issue Ads • Abbey Blake Levenshus, University of Maryland; Mara Hobler, University of Maryland; Beth Sundstrom, University of Maryland, College Park; Linda Aldoory, univ of Md • Using the circuit of culture to analyze interviews and focus groups, researchers found sponsor identity represented in health care reform ads overlapped with cynicism in critical, complementary ways. Researchers identified two themes, ongoing and eclipsing, regarding source identity’s meaning-making role and three themes regarding source cynicism’s regulating influence, including questioning sponsor motives, regulating sponsor identity, and regulating message. Findings add depth to the circuit of culture’s articulation between identity, regulation, and consumption of issue advertisements.

Mediating the power of relationship antecedents: The role of involvement and relationship quality in the adolescent-organization relationship • Denise Bortree, Penn State University • This study presents one of the first examinations of the influence of antecedents of relationships on the organization-public relationship. Results from a survey of adolescent volunteers suggest that reason for volunteering with a nonprofit organization was a significant predictor of the teens’ future intentions toward the organization. Two variables partially mediated the relationship between antecedents and future intended behavior, involvement and relationship quality. Findings suggest that while reasons for relationship initiation play a powerful role in the organization-public relationship, organizations can minimize the impact through relationship management.
•
Grounding Organizational Legitimacy in Societal Values • John Brummette, Radford University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University • The purpose of this exploratory study is to utilize grounded theory to create a better understanding of the values and standards that constitute organizational legitimacy from the public’s perspective. Values identified are: honesty, fairness, accountability, competence, innovation, efficiency, trustworthiness, accessibility, personalization, quality, accreditation, corporate social responsibility and longevity. In addition, the study found that different values are linked to each of the six types of organizations (retail, manufacturing, service, educational, nonprofit and government) discussed by the study’s participants.
•
Influence of Public Relations Communication Strategies and Training on Perceptions of Hospital Crisis Readiness • Emily Buck, Texas Tech University; Coy Callison, Texas Tech University; Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University • To better understand organization-wide perception of crisis readiness and crisis communication effectiveness, 731 hospital employees were surveyed. Employees participating in crisis training perceived themselves and their hospital as more crisis ready than those who had not. Awareness of the crisis plan leads to higher levels of perceived crisis readiness; training, two-way communication, and face-to-face communication lead to greater perceived crisis readiness. Participants reported hospitals presented crisis plans through oral presentation more frequently than other methods.
•
The Dual-Continuum Approach: An Extension of the Contingency Theory of Conflict Management Cindy T. Christen, Colorado State University; Steven Lovaas, Colorado State University • This paper examines the limitations of using a single advocacy-accommodation continuum when depicting organizational stance and movement in conflict situations. The authors argue that advocacy and accommodation vary independently in response to a variety of contingent factors. To comprehensively capture the locations and motions that are possible in intergroup conflicts, a two-continuum approach is proposed. Separate assessment of the effects of contingent factors on advocacy and accommodation can be used to locate organizational stance along advocacy and accommodation continua. Situations that are problematic for a single continuum can be captured if separate continua are employed. By depicting initial stance and desired direction of movement for both the organization and external group, the dual-continuum approach can also provide practical guidance to public relations practitioners in selecting strategies for achieving preferred outcomes. By suggesting the application of different models of public relations practice based on differences in organization-external group stances and movement, the dual-continuum approach also lays the foundation for eventual synthesis of excellence and contingency perspectives.
•
Delusions vs. Data: Longitudinal Analysis of Research on Gendered Income Disparities in Public Relations • David Dozier, San Diego State University, School of Journalism and Media Studies; Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University • Gendered income disparities are well documented: men earn higher salaries than women. Less clear are the reasons why. This study analyzed four surveys of PRSA members (1979, 1991, 2004, and 2006). Men earned significantly higher salaries than women practitioners, men had more years of professional experience, and greater professional experience was correlated with higher salaries. In three of four surveys, men earned significantly higher salaries than women, after controlling for professional experience.
•
Factors Contributing to Anti-Americanism Among People Abroad: The Frontlines Perspective of U.S. Public Diplomats • Kathy Fitzpatrick, Quinnipiac University; alice kendrick, Southern Methodist University; Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University • This study examined the views of U.S. public diplomats on factors that contribute to anti- American attitudes among people abroad. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of the most significant causes of anti-Americanism through the first-hand experiences of the men and women who have served on the front lines of U.S. public diplomacy and to consider the implications for U.S. public diplomacy going forward. A factor analysis revealed four underlying dimensions of anti-Americanism, which were labeled Information, Culture, Policy and Values. The public diplomats rated the Policy factor as the most significant, followed by the Information factor, the Culture factor and the Values factor.
•
Understanding Made in China: Valence framing, product-country image, and international public relations • Gang (Kevin) Han, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication/Iowa State University; Xiuli (Charlene) Wang, School of Journalism and Communication/Peking University • This study employed an experiment to examine the effects of valenced news frames, in terms of risks and benefits, on people’s perceptions of and attitudes towards the product-country image (PCI) of Made in China. Findings suggested that participants in the risks-frame condition gave significantly negative evaluation on this product-country image, whereas the participants in the benefits-frame condition offered more positive evaluation. Personal relevance, shopping experience, and shopping habit jointly affected this relationship as covariates. The concept of product-country image, as well as the implications of valence framing for international public relations, was also discussed.
•
Disaster on the Web? A Qualitative Analysis of Disaster Preparedness Websites for Children • Karen Hilyard, University of Tennessee; Tatjana M. Hocke, University of Tennessee; Erin Ryan, The University of Alabama • In a qualitative analysis using stakeholder theory, child development research and website usability criteria, the authors examine three disaster preparedness websites created for children by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The sites were characterized by outdated content and technology, low levels of two-way communication and poor usability compared to other offerings for kids on the Web, and may therefore fail to effectively accomplish the mission of preparing children for disasters.
•
Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure of Media Companies • Jiran Hou, The University of Georgia; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives have become increasingly common among corporations in the United States. However, there has been very limited research studying media companies’ CSR initiatives and disclosure. In this study, we examined the CSR initiatives and disclosure of major media companies in the United States. Specifically, we conducted content analysis to analyze five major dimensions of CSR disclosure: environment, community relations, diversity, employee relations and human rights. We also analyzed the disclosure of companies’ media specific CSR activities. Our findings showed that nine of the ten companies have engaged in different types of CSR activities. These companies’ CSR initiatives differ by the types of the company, and the size of the company also has influence on the reporting of CSR initiatives.
• T
he effects of crisis response strategies on attribution of crisis responsibility and relationship quality outcomes • Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama; Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama • This study investigated the effects of crisis response strategies on the attribution of an organization’s crisis responsibilities and relationship quality outcomes and determined the linkages among relationship quality outcome indicators. This study found that none of the tested crisis response strategies were helpful in reducing public blame surrounding the featured organization’s responsibility in the crisis. This study did not discover any significant impact of the crisis response strategies on the relationship quality outcomes.
•
Content analysis on CSR Reporting of Companies’ Web sites: Signaling Theory Perspective • Hyuk Soo Kim, The University of Alabama; Joe Phelps, University of Alabama; Jee Young Chung, University of Alabama • The current study introduced the signaling theory in the domain of CSR reporting and content-analyzed how companies report their CSR activities on their corporate web sites. Top 100 advertising-spending companies were selected as a sample frame. From the perspective of signaling theory, the current study investigated how companies are reporting their CSR activities by employing the concept of benefit salience and congruency. Additionally, this study explored the relationship between CSR activities and branding. The results showed that companies are not effectively reporting their CSR activities and did not find any relationship between CSR activities and branding.
•
Exploring ethics codes of national public relations professional associations across countries • Soo-Yeon Kim, University of Florida; Eyun-Jung Ki, The University of Alabama • This study explored ethics codes present on Web sites of national public relations professional associations across countries. Of a total of 107 countries examined, 66 (61.7%) countries were found to have one or more professional associations. Among the 45 Web sites accessible in English, 38 (84.4%) provided ethics codes, the most frequently presented values in which were ‘fairness,’ ‘safeguarding confidences,’ and ‘honesty.’ This study was an exploratory attempt to provide a descriptive picture of public relations professional associations and their ethics codes across countries.
•
Corporate Social Responsibility and Organization-Public Relationships: Public Relations and Marketing Educators’ Perspectives • Daewook Kim, University of Florida; Mary Ann Ferguson, University of Florida • This study examines how public relations educator’s perceptions differ from marketing educators with regard to corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions. It further explores the association between CSR and the organization-public relationship (OPR) dimensions. This research found that marketing educators showed more value for the economic dimension, while public relations educators showed a relatively higher value for the ethical & legal and discretionary dimensions of CSR. The perceptual differences are also embedded in the association between the CSR and OPR dimensions.
•
When Cousins Feud: Advancing Threat Appraisal and Contingency Theory in Situations That Question the Essential Identity of Activist Groups • Jeesun Kim, Grand Valley State University; Glen Cameron, University of Missouri – Columbia • This experiment applied the concepts of avowed and ascribed identities to situations when similar activist organizations clash. Based on the threat appraisal model (Jin & Cameron, 2007) and contingency theory (Cancel, Mitrook, & Cameron, 1999), analysis of effects of an attack on a group’s essential identity due to hypocritical behavior advances theory and practice of strategic conflict management. The distinction between internal and external threat and the linear perspective in stance predictions on the contingency continuum are both revised and extended by current findings.
•
Reputation Repair at the Expense of Providing Instructing and Adjusting Information Following Crises:Examining 18 Years of Crisis Responses Strategy Research • Sora Kim, University of Florida; Elizabeth Avery, University of Tennessee; Ruthann Lariscy, University of Georgia • Quantitative content analysis of 51 articles published in crisis communication literature in public relations indicates both a prevalent focus on image restoration or reputation management in the crisis responses analyzed in more than 18 years of research and a relative neglect of instructing and adjusting information in subsequent recommendations. This research makes insightful crisis response recommendations regarding consideration of organizational type involved in a crisis (government, corporation, or individual) and targeting active publics when selecting crisis responses.
•
Face to Face: How the Cleveland Clinic Managed Media Relations for the First U.S. Face Transplant • Marjorie Kruvand, Loyola University Chicago • When the first U.S. face transplant was performed at the Cleveland Clinic in late 2008, public relations practitioners at the non-profit academic medical center in Ohio played an essential role in helping to establish whether the risky and controversial surgery would be judged successful by the medical community, the news media, and the public. This descriptive case study uses agenda building theory and the related concept of information subsidies to examine how practitioners planned and handled media relations for one of the year’s top medical stories – a story accompanied by challenging ethical issues. Strongly influenced by what they believed was a media relations fiasco involving the world’s first face transplant, which had been performed three years earlier in France, Clinic practitioners effectively used information subsidies while tightly controlling information about and access to the patient. The study finds that the Clinic’s media relations activities resulted in highly positive media coverage that enhanced the Clinic’s reputation while also helping to reshape the U.S. media agenda on face transplants.
•
Social Media And Strategic Communications: Attitudes And Perceptions Among College Students • Bobbi Kay Lewis, Oklahoma State University • Social media have been adopted from its inception by public relations, advertising and marketing practitioners as tools for communicating with strategic publics. Wright and Hinson (2009) have established that public relations professionals perceive social media positively with respect to strategic communication. Given that social media are having an impact on professionals in the industry, the current study examined if social media are having a similar impact on college students in general and students studying in the area of public relations and advertising. The attitudes and perceptions of social media among college students were explored by modifying the survey instrument used by Wright & Hinson to explore the attitudes and perceptions of social media among PR professionals. It is important for educators and curriculum leaders to have an appreciation of students’ knowledge base of social media and how they employ it in their construction of knowledge and reality. It is also valuable for professionals in the industry, who are hiring recent college graduates, to gain insight into how students perceive social media in their own lives and as strategic tools. Findings suggest that college students majoring advertising and public relations view social media more positively than other majors because they understand how it fits in to the industry in which they are being educated. Because of these findings, social media should be incorporated into strategic communications curriculum to better prepare students for the current media climate.
•
Bureaucrats, Politicians, and Communication Practices: Toward a New Model of Government Communication • Brooke Liu, University of Maryland; Abbey Blake Levenshus, University of Maryland; J. Suzanne Horsley, University of Alabama • The success of any government policy or program hinges on effective internal and external communication. Despite the critical importance of communication in the public sector, very little research focuses specifically on government communication. Through a survey of 781 government communicators in the U.S., this study builds on a model – the government communication decision wheel – by adding a previously untested variable: political versus bureaucratic employer. Specifically, the study identifies four significant differences and five similarities in how the public sector environment affects bureaucrats’ and elected officials’ communicators’ public relations practices. The findings provide valuable insights for practitioners and contribute to public relations theory development for the under-researched public sector.
•
Twitter me this, Twitter me that: A quantitative content analysis of the 40 Best Twitter Brands • Tina McCorkindale, Appalachian State University • In February 2010, Twitter, a microblogging website, had more than 21 million unique visitors, and continues today to be an increasingly important social media tool for public relations. Most public relations research about Twitter has focused on case studies—few quantitative analyses have been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to conduct a content analysis to determine how Mashable’s 40 Best Twitter Brands were using Twitter, and what makes these the best brands. From October 2009 to January 2010, a constructed month of tweets were analyzed to determine an organization’s usage and authenticity/transparency on Twitter. While some organizations only used Twitter to disseminate information or for customer service, other organizations used the microblog to engage with various publics. Results also found organizations who named the individual who tweeted on behalf of the organization engaged in more dialogue with various publics compared to those that did not. The researcher also provided a list of 11 gold standard Twitter accounts, as well as suggestions for future research.
•
Exploring the Roles of Organization-Public Relationships in the Strategic Management Process: Towards an Integrated Framework • Rita Linjuan Men, University of Miami; Chun-ju Flora Hung, Hong Kong Baptist University • By combining the growing body of knowledge on organization-public relationships with insights from strategic management in the management literature, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate, from the relational approach, the value of public relations at the organizational level. Specifically, it intends to examine the roles of organization-public relationships (OPRs) in each stage of the strategic management process, namely, strategic analysis, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategic control. Seventeen in-depth interviews were conducted with public relations directors, vice presidents, and general managers from Fortune 500 and Forbes’ China 100 Top companies in China to explore the issues. The findings show that OPRs can contribute to strategic analysis by being the source of information, channel of information, active information detector and foundation for internal analysis. It contributes to strategy formulation by providing broad information, incorporating intelligence, perspectives and insights and engaging employees in decision-making. In strategy implementation, OPRs can generate support from parties involved and facilitate the strategy execution process. In strategic control, OPRs can provide feedback and updated information for strategy adjustments and strategy review, engage employee in self-management and facilitate organizational control through relational trust, commitment and satisfaction. Through playing multiple roles in each strategic management stage, OPRs can eventually contribute to sustainable competitive advantage, achievement of organizational goals and organizational effectiveness. An integrated framework of OPRs and strategic management is developed in this study based on the empirical data. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
•
Crisis Preparedness versus Paranoia: Testing the Crisis Message Processing Model on the Effects of Over Communication of Crisis Preparedness Messages by Governments • Kester Tay, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Rasiah Raslyn Agatha, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; May O. Lwin, Nanyang Technological University; Augustine Pang, Nanyang Technological University • The literature has constantly emphasized consistent messaging and reinforcement of messages by organizations managing crisis. What remains unclear is the effects of over-emphasis and over-exposure of messages to the audience. The authors have developed a model called the Crisis Message Processing Model to understand how audience process crisis messages. This study, the first of a series of empirical tests, examines the interactions among message intensity, repetition and threat perceptions. Findings showed rigor of the model (75 words, as requested by PR division).
•
Exploring Citizen-Government Relationships: A Study of Effective Relationship Strategies with South Korean Citizens during a crisis • Hanna Park, University of Florida; Linda Hon, University of Florida • This study explored the citizen-government relationships (CGRs) in South Korea during a crisis, mass protests in 2008 against the U.S. beef import. Associations among relationship maintenance strategies (RMSs), CGRs and publics’ support for the government and president were investigated. For this study, 200 online community users participated in online survey. Results showed that respondents perceived the government’s RMSs as asymmetrical and CGRs as negative. RMSs were positively correlated with CGRs and support for the government.
•
Identifying the Synergy Between Corporate Social Responsibility • Hyojung Park, University of Missouri, School of Journalism; Bryan Reber, University of Georgia • Using a two-step approach to structural equation modeling, this study examined how different types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are associated with relational satisfaction, trust, company evaluation, and behavioral intentions. The results revealed that trust was positively influenced by economic, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities, while satisfaction was positively influenced only by economic responsibilities. Additionally, CSR performances appeared to positively affect company evaluation and behavioral intentions (purchase, employment, and investment) through trust and satisfaction.
•
Talking Health Care Reform: The Influence of Issue-Specific Communication on Political Organization-Public Relationships and Attitudes • Trent Seltzer, Texas Tech University; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • A survey of US citizens (n = 420) was conducted to examine the influence of strategic communication regarding health care reform on perceptions of organization-public relationships (OPRs) with political parties. Results indicate that issue-specific strategic communication – and dialogic communication in particular – not only enhanced perceptions of the OPR with the sponsoring political party, but also destabilized relationships with the opposition party. Positive perceptions of political OPRs resulted in favorable attitudes toward parties and the issue.
•
Organization-Employee Relationship Maintenance Strategies: A New Measuring Instrument • Hongmei Shen, San Diego State University • The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to develop a valid and reliable new instrument to measure relationship maintenance strategies in the context of organization-employee relationships, and 2) to explore how organizations build relationships with internal publics. A focus group (N = 10) and an online survey were administered (N = 583). Statistical tests established the validity and reliability of a six-factor 20-item instrument for relationship maintenance strategies. It was also found that organizations utilized openness, assurances of legitimacy, networking, and compromising to a larger extent than distributive negotiation and avoiding to build relationships with their employees. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Hope for Haiti: An Analysis of Facebook and Twitter Usage during the Earthquake Relief Efforts • Sidharth Muralidharan, Univ. of Southern Mississippi; Leslie Rasmussen, Univ. of Southern Mississippi; Daniel Patterson, Univ. of Southern Mississippi; Jae-Hwa Shin, Univ. of Southern Mississippi • The Haitian earthquake devastated the small island of Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and billions of dollars of property damage. The earthquake also represented a watershed in the use of social media usage by nonprofit and media organizations to inform, communicate and mobilize support from the general public and orchestrate disaster relief efforts. By implementing applying the theory of framing to posts and tweets of nonprofits and media organizations, the authors found that morality and responsibility were the dominant message frames for nonprofits and conflict was the dominate frame for media; both used frames that were episodic in nature; and positive emotions were the dominant frame for nonprofits while media focused on negative emotions. Nonprofits and media used information dissemination and disclosure effectively but were not as effective with involvement strategies, implying a less interactive and more of a one-way communication.
•
Has the use of online media rooms to create a dialogue with journalists changed in global corporations? Comparing 2004 to 2009. • Dustin Supa, Ball State University; Lynn Zoch, Radford University • This study examines whether the top 50 global corporations in 2004 established dialogic communication with the media through their use of online media rooms and, using the same methods, compares those findings to the same corporations in 2009. The authors have determined that while progress toward increased dialogic communication was realized in some areas, in other ways, there was little or no improvement. In fact the online media room in 2009 was less likely to contain some of the features that were found in 2004.
•
How Emergencies Have Affected the Interaction of Journalists/Sources: Message Development in the Terror Age • Christopher Swindell, Marshall University • In a terror attack or other emergency, journalists and sources (often public relations practitioners) may bring the misperceptions they hold about the other group to bear in the interaction. This study uses survey research to highlight differences in message strategy and importance that the two groups have about a hypothetical terror attack. The researcher questioned 150 working journalists and official sources using coorientation to assess subtle differences in their beliefs about the work of the other. Using ANOVA and post hoc t-tests, the researcher found journalists and sources disagree, are incongruent, and most importantly, are inaccurate in their perceptions about message speed, accuracy and panic potential. Public relations best practices advocate forthrightness and candor with the news media. The current study found many journalists suspicious of practitioners and vice versa regarding the most critical elements of emergency messages. The paper suggests both groups should better appreciate the role of the other, especially in an emergency or terror attack where life and limb may be at stake.
•
The Possibilities and Realities of Studying Intersectionality in Public Relations Jennifer Vardeman-Winter, University of Houston; Natalie Tindall, Georgia State University; Hua Jiang, Towson University • Intersectionality refers to multiple, interdependent identities that simultaneously impact groups. This paper introduces intersectionality to public relations so researchers and practitioners can to better understand the contexts of organizational-public communication relationships. Theories of power, identity, and intersectionality in public relations are reviewed. Emphasis is put on dissecting the complications of studying intersectionality and ways previous researchers have explored it. The study design for an intersectional analysis of publics is discussed.
•
Indeed, It Does Depend: Examining Public Relations Leaders through the Lens of the Contingency Theory of Leadership • Richard Waters, North Carolina State University • Contrary to other leadership theories, the contingency theory of leadership argues that anyone has the potential to lead depending on situational variables. Through a survey of 11 PRSA chapters and 9 state/local public relations associations (n = 539), this study found that the contingency theory of leadership describes and predicts public relations behavior (role enactment and relationship cultivation behaviors) satisfactorily. Implications for practice and theory development are discussed.
•
It’s Not a Small World After All: Using Stewardship in a Theme Park’s Daily Operations Richard Waters, North Carolina State University • Through the use of participant-observation research, this manuscript attempts to encourage relationship management scholars to explore Kelly’s (2001) conceptualization of stewardship as viable strategies for creating relationships centered on trusting behaviors. Though often equated with fundraising, the four stewardship strategies—reciprocity, responsibility, reporting, and relationship nurturing—were found to play a significant role in how managers and human resources officials strengthened relationships with employees at Disney’s Hollywood Studios theme park. With numerous examples of their utilization in a specialization far removed from fundraising, the study challenges the traditional approach scholars have taken to understand cultivation activities in the organization-public relationship.
•
Ethical Considerations in Social Media Usage — a Content Analysis of Silver Anvil Winners Patricia Whalen, Faculty; Sylwia Makarewicz, recently graduated master’s student Focusing on ethical practices in social media and relationship theory, this descriptive study uses content analysis to document usage of social media and ethical/reputational terms among recent PRSA Silver Anvil winners. The study found that a slim majority used social media, but, especially in consumer goods firms, the technology was more likely to be used as a message dissemination tool than an intent to build trust and develop more credible relationships with key constituencies.
•
Translating Science for the Public: Predictors of PIOs’ Roles in the Knowledge Transfer Process • Judith White, University of New Mexico • Public information officers (PIOs) link knowledge transfer between researchers and journalists. Orientation toward science/health/technology knowledge is important to PIOs’ choices of education, training, and occupational experience. This study constructs an index to measure science/health/technology orientation (SHTO) from an Internet survey of a random sample of PIOs. This study shows SHTO index to be a statistically significant predictor for variety of story topics covered but not of number of scientist sources used in information subsidies.
•
A study of PR practitioners’ use of social media in crisis planning • Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington; Weiwu Zhang, Texas Tech University • A survey exploring social media and crisis planning was conducted with 251 members of the Public Relations Society of America. Nearly half of respondents (48%) said they have incorporated social media into their crisis plans. Of these respondents, most indicated they have incorporated Twitter as a tool in their crisis planning, primarily for distribution purposes. Additionally, the study found that public relations professionals whose organizations rely more heavily on social media tools in their crisis planning correlated positively with practitioners’ greater confidence in their organization’s ability to handle a crisis. As for practitioners’ use of social media in their every day practice, results revealed that a large percentage use social media on a personal level; however, results also indicated that a large percentage of respondents’ organizations (82%) use social media. Survey respondents indicated that the stakeholders they communicate with most via social media are potential customers and clients (71%), followed by news media (61%).
•
Telling your own bad news: A test of the stealing thunder strategy • Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington • This study explored the concept of stealing thunder, or telling your own bad news, by conducting a content analysis of newspaper coverage following two political scandals – one in which a source stole thunder from reporters and one in which the source engaged in silence and allowed the media to break the story. Results showed no association between stealing thunder and the number of articles or length of article. However, stealing thunder was associated with more positively framed stories and fewer negative media frames.
•
A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in New Communications Media Use by Public Relations Practitioners: A Two-Year Trend Study • Don Wright, Boston University; Michelle Hinson, Institute for Public Relations, University of Florida • This two-year trend study of a large number of public relations practitioners (n=1,137; n=574 in 2009; n=563 in 2010) found new communications media have a huge impact on public relations practice. This study found social networking site Facebook to be ranked as the most important of these new media for public relations messages in 2010, replacing search engine marketing that ranked first in 2009. Micro-blogging site Twitter was the next most frequently used new media site in 2010 followed by social networking site LinkedIn and video sharing outlet YouTube. The overall use of social networking, micro-blogging and video sharing websites in public relations practice increased dramatically between 2009 and 2010. The use of blogs, search engine marketing and electronic forums or message boards remained relatively constant while the importance of podcasts decreased slightly. This study found huge some large gaps existed between how new communications media actually are being used and how much public relations people think they should be used. This study also measured the frequency of personal use by public relations practitioners of traditional news media and new communications media and found that although most who practice public relations get their news from newspapers followed by magazines, television news and radio news, the use of micro-blogging sites such as Twitter, social networks such as Facebook and video sharing sites such as YouTube made dramatic increases between 2009 and 2010.

Student
When did transparency appear in PR and what does it mean? A historical analysis of the word and its contexts. • Giselle A. Auger, University of Florida • Since 1990 the word transparency has increasingly been found in discussions of financial accountability, government culpability, crisis communication, and corporate social responsibility. The purpose of this study was to examine the adoption of transparency into the public relations literature, its contexts and meanings. Through a historical review of the use of the word transparency, and a content analysis of the word within the public relations literature, the adequacy of existing definitions are evaluated.

The Impact of Industy on the Crisis Situation: Applying Consensus to the SCCT Model • Kenon Brown, The University of Alabama • The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an industry’s crisis history on a member organization’s crisis situation by exploring the concept of consensus and its impact on the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) model. The study uses a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment to test the impact of industry crisis history and its interaction effects with crisis history and relationship history during the reporting of a fictitious product recall. Results found that industry crisis history had no effect on crisis responsibility or organizational reputation.

Roles of nonprofit organizations as social oil: How local nonprofit organizations help multinational corporations build social capital in host countries • Moonhee Cho, University of Florida • Emphasizing the importance of social capital, the purpose of the paper is threefold: 1) to explicate social capital as the resources that determine the business success or failure of multinational corporations (MNCs), 2) to discuss the role of nonprofit organizations as boundary spanners in the relationship between MNCs and community members, and 3) to propose a model that demonstrates how local nonprofit organizations build social capital of MNCs vis-à-vis community members as well as provide propositions in formation of social capital. In doing so, the paper provides a framework of the relationships among three sectors of society: private, nonprofit, and community, for developing democracy in a pluralist society.

When tourists are your friends: An exploratory examination of brand personality in discussions about Mexico and Brazil on Facebook • Maria DeMoya, University of Florida; Rajul Jain, University of Florida • Using Aaker’s (1997) brand personality framework, this study explores how two top international tourist destinations -Mexico and Brazil— communicate their brand personalities on their Facebook pages and which personalities their followers associate with them. Specifically, this research explores if these destinations’ public relations efforts are succeeding in communicating the brand image of their countries by promoting them online on one of the most popular social media outlets.

Text Haiti to 90999: The future of relationship fundraising for a nonprofit organization. • Terri Denard, University of Alabama • The relief campaign following the 2010 Haiti earthquake yielded unprecedented text-message donations. This study examines the relief campaign to learn whether its initial success can yield deeper relationships or provide a blueprint for similar campaigns. The study found the text channel reached younger and first-time donors, 10% of whom opted-in to receive future communications. However, donations dissipated after the initial rush, underscoring the importance of cultivating new relationships through traditional and emerging channels.

The Situational Theory of Publics: Youth Civic Engagement • Jarim Kim, University of Maryland • This study addresses how the youth become active in the political processes. Research question guiding this study is why and how did youth come to be an active public in the 2008 Obama campaign? Using ten in-depth qualitative interviews with college students this study looked at how and why they became actively engaged in the political process. The situational theory of publics was employed as a framework to examine their active participation. Findings indicate that an active public engaged in Obama campaign satisfied all of the three variables of the theory. This study also found the antecedent factors of the STP that influenced their communicative behaviors. This study advances the understanding of the active publics in the political communication context as well as elaborating independent variables of the STP.

Does going green really matter to publics? The effects of environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR), price, and firm size in the food service industry on public responses • Yeonsoo Kim, University of Florida • This study examined the different effects of pro-active environmental CSR and passive CSR practices on attitudes toward the company, intent to seek information on and communicate the company’s CSR to others, and intent to pay incentives. How price of products/service, consumers’ environmental concern, and corporate size interact with those effects was tested. Proactive environmental programs led to more positive publics’ responses. Subjects wanted to find information on and talk about CSR programs the most when companies with proactive CSR provided cheap products. When small companies had proactive environmental CSR programs, participants showed favorable attitudes and stronger intent to pay more regardless of price. Conversely, in the case of passive CSR, participants showed better reactions only when the price was cheap. Environmentally conscious consumers showed more sensitive reactions toward the CSR practices in general.

Return to Public Diplomacy: A Review of the Published Work • Anna Klyueva, University of Oklahoma • Reinvigorated interest toward public diplomacy in the aftermath of 9/11 facilitated the growth of research in the field. This study analyzes peer-reviewed articles published from 1989 to 2010 from two relevant disciplines: communication and political science. The objectives of the study were to determine the concepts that have emerged, grown, or diminished within the past two decades in the field of public diplomacy; to report the types of research methods that have been most commonly employed; and to compare and contrast the similarities and differences in scholarly discussions on public diplomacy between communication and political science.

Power-control or empowerment? How women public relations practitioners make meaning of power. • Katie Place, University of Maryland • The purpose of this study was to examine qualitatively how women public relations practitioners make meaning power. Literature regarding power-control theory, gender and power and empowerment contributed to this study. From the literature, one research questions was posed: How do women public relations practitioners make meaning of power? To best illustrate and describe how women public relations practitioners experience the phenomena of power, the researcher incorporated a qualitative research method which utilized 45 in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with women public relations practitioners guided by an interview protocol. A grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) was used to analyze the data. From the data arose several themes regarding gender and power. Results suggested that women practitioners made meaning of power as a function of influence, a function of relationships, knowledge and information, access, results-based credibility and empowerment. The data extend our understanding of practitioner power, power-control theory and empowerment in public relations. Power in public relations exists in various forms and empowerment serves as an alternative meaning making model of power.

Explicating Cynicism toward Corporate Social Responsibility: Causes and Communication Approaches • Hyejoon Rim, University of Florida • This study attempts to explicate the concept of cynicism in the context of corporate social responsibility, focusing more on the causes rather than its consequences. As corporate social responsibility has become increasingly popular in business, it has become more important to determine how to best communicate such initiatives with the public in this cynical age. Grounded on psychology, marketing, and business literature, this research intends to outline potential antecedents of cynicism on the situational and individual levels. At the situational factors, industry environment, organizational reputation, salience of promotion, and goodness of fit are identified. At the individual level, external locus of control and ethical ideologies are suggested as dominant sources of cynicism. Implications for strategic corporate social responsibility management and communication, as well as further research are discussed.

Legitimacy 2.0: Possible Research Avenues for Corporate Reputation in the Digital Age • Joy Rodgers, University of Florida • Among the challenges facing public relations practitioners in the new collaborative, interactive, and non-hierarchical digital arena is the management of corporate identity and reputation. This study examines the concept of legitimacy as it relates to reputation in order to contribute to the term’s theoretical foundation in the online realm and suggests some potential avenues for research to inform the practice of public relations reputation management in a digital information society.

Legitimation in Activist Issues Management: Congressional Testimony of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Oklahoma • This study investigated the rhetorical legitimation efforts of ACT UP, an activist group whose extreme tactics have been characterized as illegitimate. Through rhetorical analysis of the Congressional testimony of five ACT UP representatives from 1988 to 1992, the study determined how ACT UP representatives attempted to bolster legitimacy for themselves as issue managers, for their issues, and policy recommendations as they attempted to participate in shaping public policy on AIDS issues.

The Role of Social Capital in Public Relations’ Efficacy: How Internal Networks Influence External Practice • Erich Sommerfeldt, University of Oklahoma • This paper argues that public relations can be used as a force to enhance collective social capital, but only when a public relations unit has access to or reserves of social capital themselves. The paper introduces a case of a government agency in Jordan, and presents findings from a network analysis study that shows the public relations unit(s) to be deficient in social capital and thereby unable to affect its creation within or without the organization.

The impact of online comments on attitude toward an organization based on individual’s prior attitude • Kang Hoon Sung, University of Florida • This study is a 3 (Prior attitude) by 4 (Type of online comments) factorial design experiment that tests effects of online comments on attitude toward an organization based on individual’s prior attitude. The results showed that online comments have a significant effect on people’s attitude. Especially, people with prior neutral attitude were affected the most. For people with prior negative attitude, two-sided comments were most effective. Usability was the most influential factor in changing attitude.

Framing Breast Cancer: Building an Agenda through Online Advocacy and Fundraising • Brooke Weberling, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • Using qualitative content analysis, this study employs agenda building and framing to examine e-mail messages from Susan G. Komen for the Cure and Komen Advocacy Alliance to determine strategies for communicating about breast cancer and inspiring involvement in the nonprofit organizations’ advocacy and fundraising efforts. Three types of messages, nine frames and various tactics emerged among the 50 messages (sent during one year). Theoretical implications and applications for public relations and fundraising professionals are discussed.

Teaching
Meeting the needs of the practice: An evaluation of the public relations curricula • Moonhee Cho, University of Florida; Giselle A. Auger, University of Florida • Considering that much of the academic literature focused on the practice of public relations, and that there appeared to be consensus between educators and practitioners about the skills necessary for entry to the field, the researchers questioned whether in fact public relations courses and programs within higher education were adequately preparing students for placement in an entry-level position or providing skills that would aid in advancing to higher level positions. To this end, researchers conducted two content analyses, first on courses offered at the college or university level, and secondly, on current job descriptions for public relations positions. Results indicated that the public relations curricula is generally meeting the needs of the practice; however the demand for knowledge and skills in social and emerging or new media by potential employers far exceeds the frequency with which such subjects are addressed in the public relations curricula.

Big Chief Tablets and Sharpened Pencils: Helping PR Practitioners Transition from Practice to Classroom • Barbara DeSanto, Maryville University of Saint Louis; Susan Gonders, Southeast Missouri State University • The first stage of Super’s (1990) theory of adult career development, exploration, combined with Tierney’s (1997) analysis of universities’ culture and socialization processes provides two perspectives to apply to a current information workshop offered as an educational tool to public relations practitioners thinking about becoming involved in academia. Using this theoretical framework allows workshop participants and workshop providers ways of understanding the process and stresses of career change decisions from each other’s perspective.

The RFP Solution: One Response to Client/Service Learner Issues • Cathy Rogers, Loyola University New Orleans; Valerie Andrews, Loyola University New Orleans • Public relations programs have adopted service learning as standard practice, particularly by incorporating real client work to maximize student learning. While the literature documents the widespread use of real clients and service learning as an exemplary teaching method, little has been written about the instructor/client relationship, other than to note the difficulties of dealing with clients, including unrealistic expectations, inadequate communication, lack of respect for students as professionals, and commitment to the project. This paper reviews one university’s creation and implementation of a formal request-for-proposal (RFP) process to match community partners with mass communication course projects. The paper reviews the process and results of focus groups conducted to create the RFP process and examines two phases of the RFP implementation. This case study shows how an RFP disseminated to local nonprofits can minimize unrealistic professor and client expectations and maximize student learning and client satisfaction.

Pre-Professional Attitudes and Identities: The Socialization of Journalism and Public Relations Majors • Bey-Ling Sha, San Diego State University; Amy Weiss, San Diego State University • Relationships between journalists and public relations practitioners tend to be uneasy, if not antagonistic. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible origins of this complex relationship by examining the socialization of journalism and public relations college majors. The findings indicate that, although pre-professional journalists and public relations practitioners have some diverging perspectives on both their counterparts and their respective professional identities, these differences may not be as significant as they first seem.

Service-Learning in the Public Relations Classroom: An Experiential Approach to Improving Students’ Critical-Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills • Brenda Wilson, Tennessee Technological University • A study of students in a public relations course showed support for a service-learning instructional model enhancing critical thinking and problem solving and reducing rote memorization. Data were collected from 40 undergraduates in a pretest/posttest design and showed significance on 11 of 19 critical-thinking and problem-solving items. Students said they would recommend the course to others, worked harder in it than in most courses, and were satisfied with their expected grade.

<< 2010 Abstracts

Media Ethics Division 2010 Abstracts

Open Competition
Give Me MoMo: Exploring Moral Motivation in Public Relations Students • Mathew Cabot, San Jose State University • Recently, media ethics scholars have begun conducting research using moral development theories and instruments, joining researchers from other fields who have discovered the benefits (theoretical and pedagogical) of integrating moral psychology and moral philosophy in applied professional ethics. This study addresses the question, Why by moral? Using the Four-Component Model of moral functioning, this study examines the moral identities and moral commitments of public relations students from three California universities. Furthermore, it explores the connection between moral identities and professional identities and discusses how these relate to producing moral public relations practitioners.

A Contractarian Approach to Tabloids and the Limits of Celebrity Privacy • Mark Cenite, Nanyang Technological University • Celebrity gossip websites like TMZ have renewed perennial criticisms of tabloids for invading celebrities’ privacy, but this article argues that publication of much standard tabloid fare can be justified through a contractarian ethics approach that examines implied agreements between celebrities and media. Celebrities can be deemed to have assumed risks of relinquishing privacy by thrusting themselves into the limelight. A narrow range of celebrity privacy exists, however, and is violated in cases such as publication of medical information.

A pedagogical proposal on cognitive bias to avoid reportorial bias • Sue Ellen Christian, Western MIchigan University • In this conceptual proposal for an addition to the training of undergraduate students, I suggest that journalists – especially in today’s multicultural, global digital media world — need to be aware of cognitive biases to help avoid reportorial bias that stems from assumptions, stereotypes, norms and thinking processes. This article details an interdisciplinary pedagogical approach and how it has been incorporated into an undergraduate journalism reporting and writing capstone class with generally positive student feedback.

VNRs: Is the News Audience Deceived? • Matthew Broaddus, University of Tennessee; Mark Harmon, University of Tennessee; Kristin Farley Mounts, University of Tennessee • Using a snowball technique, the researchers presented survey respondents with authentic-looking local television news stories. The 132 respondents evaluated three stories. Some used station-generated footage, some network, and some VNRs. Respondents were asked their best estimation of the source. The data indicated a real likelihood VNR deception is occurring. Respondents averaged 56 percent correct identification of VNRs, compared to 65.7 percent for video from affiliated networks, and 82.3 percent correctly identifying locally shot video.

How legalities play a part in the transaction between journalists and their anonymous sources Michele Kimball, University of South Alabama • This research uses qualitative research methods to understand how journalists integrate legal factors into the process by which they determine whether to use unnamed sources in their news reporting. The journalists in this study contended that anonymous sourcing is an ethical issue. Therefore they don’t integrate potential legal ramifications into their ethical choices. But in actuality, many of the journalists’ choices regarding granting anonymity to sources were made with defensive legal strategies in mind.

Non-Western Ethics Analysis of Media Coverage of Death During the 2010 Winter Olympics Mitch Land, University of North Texas; Koji Fuse, University of North Texas; Susan Zavoina, University of North Texas (Associate Professor) • NBC aired a graphic video of the death of a Georgian Olympic luger, Nodar Kumaritashvili, and other U.S. media, including other broadcast networks. The New York Times followed suit. In light of fierce criticisms by the family, viewers and readers, this paper applies utilitarianism, the palaver tree concept, and Confucianism by using the Point-of-Decision Pyramid Model, a modification on the Potter Box, to explore Non-Western paths to moral reasoning in this case.

Personal Ethical Orientations of Journalism Students, Their Association with Tolerance of Others, and Learning Cross-Cultural Principles • Maria Len-Rios, U. of Missouri; Earnest Perry, University of Missouri • A pre-test/post-test study (N=152) gauges the relationship between student personal ethical orientations and the learning of cross-cultural journalism principles. Results reveal those with strong ethical idealism had greater knowledge of conceptual cross-cultural principles at T2 and more strongly believed that they were professionally important. RWA and SDO intolerant personality types were negatively associated with specific ethical orientations. Implications for teaching cross-cultural principles to those with intolerant personalities by incorporating ethical orientations into the course are discussed.

Edgar Snow: How His Early Years in China Illustrate the Importance (and Potential Limitations) of Objectivity • Anthony Moretti, Point Park University • This paper outlines why Edgar Snow concluded objectivity could not serve him as he reported from China in the 1930s and 1940s. Snow dealt with conflicting journalism values as he reported on a nation he came to love. Did his attachment mean he was no longer objective? Yes. This paper examines the ramifications of that question, whether it be answered yes or no.

The Fifth Estate: A textual analysis of how The Daily Show holds the watchdogs accountable Chad Painter, University of MIssouri School of Journalism; Lee Wilkins, University of MIssouri School of Journalism • This study investigates how Jon Stewart and his Daily Show correspondents use laughter to hold the media accountable. By defining accountability and linking it with normative understandings of journalism’s values and institutional role, the study attempts to document whether Stewart is serving as a mirror and critic of individual journalists and the institution of journalism itself. The study also evaluates whether Daily Show content that focuses on news media performance constitutes ethical political communication.

Identifying and Defining Values in Media Codes of Ethics • Chris Roberts, University of Alabama Among other functions, mass media codes of ethics help practitioners identify the values of their individual crafts. This paper uses typologies created by social psychologists to compare values identified in 11 ethics codes for journalists, advertising/marketing practitioners, public relations practitioners, and bloggers. Codes share many similar values types but also show differences based upon the nature of the craft for which the code was designed. Codes also use similar words to describe different values.

A separate code of ethics for online journalism? Results of a large-scale Delphi study Richard van der Wurff, Amsterdam School of Communication Research; Klaus Schoenbach, Amsterdam School of Communication Research & University of Vienna • Sixty experts in a three-wave Delphi study in the Netherlands assess the quality of online and traditional journalism and propose measures for improvement. A small set of commonly accepted journalistic norms, to be observed strictly (like accuracy and transparency), is separated from societal and contextual norms that journalists justifiably can hold different views on (like protecting privacy and separating entertainment from information). Based on these ideas, we propose a voluntary but binding code for journalism in the 21st century.

Ethical Priorities Revisited: A Delphi Study of Furture Ethical Issues facing Journalists Rebecca Tallent, University of Idaho; Michelle Wiest, University of Idaho • The recession of 2009-2010 accelerated many of the economic changes underway for a decade in American journalism, but what about ethical changes? Would smaller newsrooms, media convergence, and citizen journalism have any impact on journalism ethics? This study uses a Delphi technique to define future ethical issues that may result from economic and technical changes in the news media. In addition, the study compares the results with those in a 1995 study that attempted to predict future ethical issues prior to the technological explosion affecting the news industry.

Returning Students’ right to access, choice and notice: A proposed code of ethics for instructors using Turnitin • bastiaan vanacker, loyola university chicago • This paper is an attempt to identify the ethical issues involved with the use of Turnitin by college instructors. The paper first addresses the pros and cons of using plagiarism detection software (PDS) in general and argues that the use of such software in higher education can be justified on the basis that it increases institutional trust while the often cited drawbacks of such software are not universally valid. An analysis of the legal issues surrounding Turnitin will show that the way this particular PDS operates does raise some ethical issues because it denies students notice, access and choice about the treatment of their personal information. The insights of this analysis provide the underpinning for a code of ethics for professors using Turnitin.

The Power of Tank Man versus Neda: How New Media Iconic Images Create Ethical Connections Maggie Patterson, Duquesne University; Virginia Whitehouse, Whitworth University • Iconic images offer insight into new ways ethical connections can be made to battle censorship and indifference. The 1989 Tank Man images following the Tiananmen Square Massacre (6-4 Event), largely unseen inside China, is compared with the 2009 images of Neda Agha Soltan’s shooting death on the streets of Tehran during the Green Revolution, viewed worldwide on YouTube. Social networking and new media may provide ethical relationships that break through homophily.

Public Opinion about News Coverage of Leaders’ Private Lives: A Role for New vs. Old Media? • Bartosz Wojdynski, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina • A Southern state telephone survey (n=416) found agreement that media coverage of public leaders’ private lives is an important news media responsibility, with agreement greater for legacy media than for online media, and differing depending on hypothetical scenarios presented. The data also suggest increasing tolerance of such coverage and growing belief in responsibility of media to report on private indiscretions relative to previous studies

Humiliation TV: A Philosophical Account of Exploitation in Reality Television • Wendy Wyatt, University of St. Thomas • This paper is a philosophical analysis of the frequent charge that reality television is exploitative. It relies primarily on Ruth Sample’s account of exploitation from her 2003 book Exploitation: What it is and Why it’s Wrong to determine, from a theoretically grounded position, whether and in what cases the charge is justifiable. The paper considers the competing values of reality TV and whether the goods that reality TV creates outweigh the harms of its potentially exploitative nature. The paper concludes with a discussion of what action, if any, should be taken in cases where exploitation does occur.

Student Papers – Burnett Competition
The student hypocrite: Exploring the relationship between values and behavior • Giselle A. Auger, University of Florida • Today’s students are tomorrow’s public relations practitioners. Increased demands for transparency and accountability in practice provided relevance for this study that explored the correlation between student values and their behaviors as indicators of how they are likely to perform as practitioners. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between student values, based on Kahle’s (1996) List of Values (LOV), the importance students place on ethical standards in public relations practice, and student’s adherence to their university’s honor code. Results of this study indicated a dichotomy between student values and behavior: there was little correlation between student values and their behavior, or between importance of ethical standards and behavior; however, strong correlation was found between student behavior and the perceived behavior of their peers.

Commodification of Community: The Ethics of Lay’s Local • Erica Goodman, University of Colorado at Boulder • The rhetoric of local is increasingly prevalent in food advertising. Using the Lay’s Local campaign, this analysis employs Kidder’s Checklist to determine if advertisements from Frito-Lay are ethical and if they represent and support the objectives of the local food movement. Bok’s understanding of deception, Mill’s utilitarianism and Rand’s rational self-interest all lend to the final conclusion that the misrepresentation used has a short-term focus which does more harm than good and is therefore unethical.

Analyzing Ethics in Newspaper Stories about Capital Punishment • Kenna Griffin, University of Oklahoma • This study analyzed how ethical concepts are reflected in the news media’s coverage of capital punishment through a thematic content analysis of 37 news stories. Although deontological and consequentialist ethical theories were implicitly references throughout the sample, no specific references were made. This suggests the need for more deliberate attention of ethical contexts related to the execution process, as these themes help shape the public’s opinions about historically widely debated legal and social issue.

The Series of Tubes Incident: A Case Study of (Un)Ethical Framing in U.S. Newspapers • Cara Owen, University of Colorado- Boulder • Within today’s changing media environment, today’s newspaper organizations must look out for their own corporate interests in order to survive. For many organizations, meeting the bottom line is not often in the best interest of the citizens. This study gathered data on U.S. newspaper article framing regarding Senator Ted Stevens and the series of tubes incident. Results indicate that 29 percent of the articles merely mocked the Senator without providing political contextualization. The Potter Box model of reasoning was applied to explore justification for such framing. The researcher concluded that pure mockery framing is unethical according to Kant’s categorical imperative, Rawl’s Veil of Ignorance, Aristotle’s Golden Mean and Mill’s Utilitarianism.

Digital Sustainability: Ethical Observations of a Disappearing Present • Ed Peyronnin, Colorado State University • Our consciousness has never been more focused on the present. Key to our future is the record of our past. Repositories rapidly digitize content to improve speed and access. What ethical perspectives guide those who digitize our records? What are the moral duties of those responsible for placing cultural heritages into these repositories? This paper will begin a discussion that communications ethicists should have and provide a definition for the term digital amnesia.

The ethics of public records: Is it always right to publish? • Gwyneth Shaw, University of Arizona School of Journalism • This paper applies the ethical principles outlined by W.D. Ross and Sissela Bok and applies them to two cases involving public records, one involving tapes of jail interviews for Casey Anthony (a suspect in the disappearance of her daughter) and the other concerning a state database of concealed weapons permit holders. This paper asks whether, in today’s information-saturated age, journalists should publish information simply because the law says they may.

Reconsidering Transparency: Finding a Cooriented State in a Disoriented Concept • Ian Storey, Colorado State University • It is time to offer a clear definition of transparency and how it should be considered not only in interpersonal communication practices, but across a vast array of disciplines and professional practices. This paper is an attempt to precisely explicate the concept of transparency, while also offering new theoretical concepts about transparency in light of the influence of new communication technologies. Three states of transparency – including transmissional transparency, transactional transparency, and hypertransparency – are discussed and explicated in this work. The essay also offers initital suggestions of how further research to measure transparency might be found through the coorientation model.

Just (and Unjust) War Journalism ad, in, and post Bellum: Towards a Theory of Comprehensive Conflict Coverage • Philip Todd, University of Oklahoma • Because war is unique among human activities, journalists often lack any paradigm for comprehensive coverage of armed conflict. From the 2001 terrorist attacks, through the subsequent public debate and the eventual military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, the ongoing discussion often invokes various appropriations of just war theory. This paper examines how this theory itself might serve as a starting point, ongoing rubric and expanded justification for such reportage, and proposes a dozen coverage concerns.

<< 2010 Abstracts

Internship and Careers Interest Group 2010 Abstracts

Practical and Ethical Aspects of Advertising Internships: The Good, the Bad and the Awkward • alice kendrick, Southern Methodist University; Jami Fullerton, Oklahoma State University • In a nationwide survey of 1,045 advertising students, slightly more than half (53.4%; n=530) reported that they had held an internship outside of their academic studies. Females and seniors were more likely than other students to report having completed an internship, and internship students were more likely to have higher self-reported GPAs. Graduating seniors who had held an internship were significantly more likely to have received a job offer by the month of June, though their salary expectations and actual salary offers did not differ significantly from students who did not have internships. About 11 percent of internship students agreed that the company with which they interned engaged in some type of perceived unethical behavior, and 6.4% offered examples. Open-ended comments revealed that student concerns were likely to focus on what were perceived to be questionable business practices, personal misbehavior by company staff and intern exploitation. Implications for advertising educators and internship employers are discussed.

Internship Supervisors’ Evaluation of Communications Majors’ Internship Performance • Vicki Todd, Quinnipiac University; Grace Levine, AEJMC — Law and Policy Division • On-site internship supervisors evaluated communications majors regarding their internship work performance. Supervisors placed more emphasis on students’ personality traits than on job skills students performed during their internships. Supervisors evaluated public relations students more positively regarding the personal characteristics of time management; willingness to take on new tasks; and the ability to think critically, creatively, and independently. PR majors also ranked more positively based on the job skills of preparation of tasks/assignments and research skills.

Entering the Game at Half-time: Engaging Transfer Students in Internships and Co-Curricular Activities in Mass Communication Programs • Lauren Vicker, St. John Fisher College
With enrollment soaring at community colleges across the country, the number of transfer students is also increasing at many four-year mass communication programs. This study begins a look at this often-neglected population in terms of their engagement in activities that will help to build their professional resumes and portfolios. The research examines transfer students’ motivation to participate in internships and co-curricular activities through a survey of students and interviews with several transfer students. Results indicate that transfer students are participating in internships and co-curricular activities in numbers significantly lower than native students who come to college as freshmen. Transfer students’ main concern is fitting these activities in along with required courses and work time. Mass communication faculty need to pay more attention to ways of engaging transfer students in the full life of their academic programs.

<< 2010 Abstracts

Entertainment Studies Interest Group 2010 Abstracts

How (and why) Can Tragic Drama be Enjoyable? Cognitive, Affective, Physiological, and Motivational Accounts • Dohyun Ahn, University of Alabama • The hedonic principle governs human behaviors including media selection. However, the enjoyment of tragic drama poses a challenge to the hedonic principle. Two questions arise from this challenge: (1) why do people, particularly lonely individuals, select tragic content, and (2) why is the intensity of sadness positively associated with the degree of enjoyment of such negatively valenced content? This review suggests that feeling sad for others can be enjoyable, because (1) cognitively, it feels nice to feel bad for others’ pain, instead of being insensitive, (2) affectively, feeling sad for others enables individuals to feel the sense of social connection, (3) physiologically, the vagus nerve regulates the fight-or-flight system so that individuals can care for others, and (4) motivationally, the mu-opioid system rewards individuals for feeling sad for others.

Who lives, who dies, and why? Doctors, diseases, and mortality in TV medical dramas • Julie Andsager, University of Iowa; Rauf Arif, School of Journalism & Mass Comm., University of Iowa; James Carviou, The University of Iowa; Kyle Moody, University of Iowa; Erin O’Gara, University of Iowa • We examined contemporary, primetime TV medical dramas to ascertain implicit messages about the nature of disease, patients, and doctor-patient relationships. Cultivation and social identity theories undergirded the study. Forty randomly selected episodes of ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House, and Private Practice indicated that male doctors outnumbered female doctors. Female patients presented significantly different diseases/conditions than males. White doctors and minority doctors dealt with different types of cases. The diversity suggested in medical dramas is not straightforward.

Deconstructing Dust: Postmodern Superhero Extraordinaire or a Stereotype in Disguise? • Arthur Bamford, University of Denver • In 2002, a young Afghani woman and devout Muslim called ‘Dust’ joined the ranks of one of Marvel Comics’ most popular teams: the X-Men. This paper discusses the findings of a pilot study conducted with two interpretive communities: one comprised of comic book fans, and another of Muslim students, and considers whether or not Dust ought to be considered a vanguard, positive portrayal of an Arab, Muslim young woman in a medium that has historically vilified, marginalized, and/or ignored each of those three distinctions. In addition, this research considers comic books as what Baym (2005) has called discursively integrated texts, and explores how efficacious real-world social and political commentary is when it is interwoven into comic book narratives.

In with the Tweens: Appeal of Disney’s High School Musical Among College Students • Kelly Barrows, Syracuse University • This study examines the appeals of Disney’s High School Musical franchise for non-target audiences. When the original movie was released, current undergraduate students were beyond the targeted tween market. Using the lens of uses and gratifications, focus groups of self-fans explored enjoyment of the movies. The results show that in addition to emotional appeals of an escapist movie, the movies are able to provide viewers with a form of conversational capital to use with friends.

Watch What Happens: How People Watch and Talk About Reality Television • Kelly Barrows, Syracuse University; Simone Becque, Syracuse University • The purpose of this study was to explore how people watch and talk about reality television. Previous research reveals that motivations for watching reality television differ from those for serialized television. In a survey, college students indicated which reality shows they watched and answered follow-up questions regarding the shows. The 274 responses indicate reality television is typically watched in a group setting and that men and women watch different types of reality television.

Who Is the Loser?: A Critical Analysis of Contestant and Trainer Communication about Weight Loss on The Biggest Loser • Kim Bissell, University of Alabama; Lauren Reichart-Smith, Auburn University • This study used textual analysis to examine The Biggest Loser contestant comments during the weigh-in portion of the reality television show to determine how contestants framed their weight loss throughout the season. The overarching themes that emerged from the analysis of 13 episodes were themes of disappointment, expectations, game-play, positivity, and not being able to see the forest for the trees. While the reality-based show does offer viewers a glimpse into the world of morbidly obese individuals trying to make a positive change in their own lives, the commentary from the contestants during the vignettes largely represents weight loss as unachievable and disappointing because regardless of how much effort is exerted, disappointment on the scale will result. These messages communicated to viewers may not serve as motivation to lose weight but rather serve as a roadblock or detriment to even begin trying. Findings are related to entertainment theory and the ways in which reality programming is created to maintain ratings and viewers. These and other findings are discussed.

Prevalence and Portrayal of Sexual Content in Adolescent Novels • Mark Callister, Brigham Young University; Sarah M. Coyne, Brigham Young University; Lesa A. Stern, Westmont College; Malinda Miller, Brigham Young University; Laura Stockdale, Brigham Young University; Brian Wells, Brigham Young University • Most media research on sexual content focuses on TV, film, advertisements, and magazines. The popularity of novels and their potential role in adolescents’ sex education heightens the importance in examining what messages such literature provides young readers. Results show that novels are replete with sex-related material, but impoverished as a source dealing with issues of abstinence, safe sex practices, and potential health risks and consequences. Implications for lack of a rating system are discussed.

Reading the Brandfan: Using Twilight to Explore Brands and Fandom • Barbara Chambers, Texas Tech University • This article examines the crossover appeal of the Twilight brand and fandom in females of different ages through original focus group research. It also provides an overview of the Twilight brand and promotion, history of fandom, vampire texts and romance genres. Parallels are made with Radway’s (1984) Reading the Romance. The paper concludes with future recommendations on brands and fandom through a new concept known as Brandfans .

Shining a Bright Light: An Analysis of Race and Identity in Online Messages • Naeemah Clark, Elon University; Amanda Gallagher, Elon University; Lori Boyer, Texas Tech In February 2010, Joanna Douglas, a writer for Yahoo’s Shine.com website, posted an article critiquing the lack of diversity in Vanity Fair magazine’s 2010 Hollywood issue. In response to Douglas’s story, Shine’s readers contributed more than 18,000 messages to the Shine site. Most of these messages included critiques of the state of race in the magazine industry, Hollywood, and America. This study is a textual analysis of these messages. The results indicate that while some of Shine’s readers think discussions of race and diversity are passé, most agreed that racism exists in the form of the entertainment industry’s marginalization of people of color and in a perceived double standard that permits racial/ethnic minorities to have media content that caters only to them. Furthermore, an analysis of the discourse appearing on Shine reveals that many of those who are posting highlight their own identities to take a stand when it comes to the issue of race. Personal confessions and words such as I, you, and they are used when the writers are positioning themselves in their messages and discussions with other Shine readers.
Keywords: Online messages, race, confessions, and identity

Cartoon Planet: The Cross-cultural Acceptance of Japanese Animation • Anne Cooper-Chen, Ohio U. • Japanese animation, the un-Disney, represents a major challenge to U.S. global entertainment dominance. Through interviews, survey research and content/ratings analysis, this study verifies the validity of cultural proximity (Straubhaar), given the enthusiastic acceptance of anime in Asia. It discovered two facets of between-nation cultural differences (Hofstede): 1) Japan’s domestic (Sazae-san) vs. overseas audiences’ favorite anime and 2) overseas audiences’ differing favorites (Doraemon in Asia, but not in the West). Ironically, overseas exports may save the domestic industry.

Changing Gender Stereotypes in Disney Films: A Content Analysis of Animated and Live-Action Movies • Bruce Finklea, University of Alabama • Disney has long been criticized for its gender portrayals in feature-length animated films. Being one of the most-watched entertainment providers for children, a great deal of research has been conducted into what Disney is actually portraying on the screen. This paper examines gender stereotypes in recent animated and live action Disney films. Results of the content analysis revealed that, while many traditional stereotypes are still being seen, there are some significant shifts in gender portrayals.

Soap Dish: An Exploratory Examination of Daytime Soap Opera Message Boards • Maria Fontenot, Texas Tech University • Employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, this exploratory study investigates motives for visiting, reading, and posting on soap opera message boards, and analyzes content from such message boards from the uses and gratifications perspective. Results revealed that entertainment and information seeking as the most popular motives for visiting soap opera websites, and reading and posting on such boards. Results also uncovered that nearly half of the threads analyzed fell into the information seeking category.

Moving out of the spotlight?: An analysis of Playboy Centerfolds’ career goals and ambitions, 1977-2001 • Amanda Gallagher, Elon University; James Gallagher, Triangle Business Journal • This qualitative study analyzes the career goals and aspirations of the iconic Playboy centerfolds from 1977 to 2001. These statements were gathered from the centerfold profile/data sheets provided each month in the centerfold section of the magazine. In total, 268 centerfold section issues were analyzed. Findings indicate that while many centerfolds embraced careers in entertainment and a desire to be serve in domestic roles in the early years of this analysis (1970s), these desires were not as prevalent in later decades (especially the late 1990s and early 2000s). As time progressed, centerfolds appeared to become more independent-minded and career-oriented, focusing less on their traditional, expected careers in entertainment and domestic roles, and, instead, focusing more on professional oriented careers. These changes reflect nationwide trends and call into question the changing role of the centerfold.

Reality Does Bite: Generation X Enters Adulthood • Timothy R Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • Generational tensions appear in Singles and Reality Bites, two 1990’s films concerned with the Generation X label and entry into adulthood. Using the perspective of social representation and the context of American Studies, this paper identifies themes. In brief, characters try to pursue their art, or they just try being true to themselves in the face of sad economic realities. Additionally, these films address the problem of parenthood, or more accurately, the lack of parenting.

How the West was Family Friendly: Disney’s Westerns and Generation X in the 1970’s • Timothy R Gleason, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh • Disney’s Westerns The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975) and Hot Lead and Cold Feet (1978) are as much slapstick as shoot-out, and they are as much social commentary as popcorn entertainment. Underlying the Disneyesque goofiness of these latter Westerns however, is a focus on establishing families at a time when the family structure was in crisis. These films reinforce Disney’s view that children need two loving parents to properly raise children.

People Watching: Genre Repertoires and Multichannel TV Environments • Chad Harriss, Alfred U.; Maria Fontenot, Texas Tech University • Locating and identifying contemporary television audiences is challenging. This essay builds on scientific and critical/cultural theories in hopes of doing that. The researchers employ a hybrid methodology (Q-methodology) to attempt to accomplish two goals. First, we hope to determine if Carrie Heeter’s concept of channel repertoires can be extended to focus on television genres. Second, we hope that this extension will provide some insight into whether audiences can be defined by their genre repertoires.

Fictional Minds and Symbolic Interaction: How the Act of Communication Facilitates Understanding between Characters • Megan Hill, The Ohio State University • Despite widespread growth in the study of narrative in the past decade, the study of communication within these analyses has largely focused on audience effects. This essay moves beyond the effects tradition by focusing attention on the act of communication between characters in the novel. Alan Palmer’s forthcoming research on social minds in the novel is considered in light of principles of symbolic interactionism. Possibilities for future interaction between narrative and communication are discussed.

Personally, I feel sorry for her A Focus Group Analysis of Journalistic Coverage of Celebrity Health • Amanda Hinnant, U. of Missouri; Elizabeth Hendrickson, University of Tennessee • This study assesses how magazine readers in a focus group setting say they negotiate celebrity health stories cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally. We use both symbolic convergence theory and play theory to examine ways in which celebrity health news might perform a functional role in society. This research illustrates how celebrity health coverage serves to patrol the boundaries of acceptable health behavior through readers’ interpretation of moral codes and their application to personal health.

Times Change, But Trailers Don’t: Violent and Sexual Content in a Decade of Movie Trailers Adrienne Holz Ivory, Virginia Tech; Julie E. Leventhal, Virginia Tech; James D. Ivory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • Movie trailers are viewed widely, and they have been found to influence viewers’ media choices and anticipated experiences. This study expanded prior research on movie trailers by examining violent and sexual content in all available trailers for the top 50 movies from each of the years 1998-2007 (n = 498). Violent and sexual content were present in the majority of the sample’s trailers, but the prevalence of neither type of content varied consistently over time.

Late-Night Talk Shows:Why People Watch and What They Seek to Gain • jin kim, university of iowa; Julie Kocsis, Hope College • This paper will examine the historical importance of the late-night talk show genre in the development of American television culture and why people watch for what purposes. Our main argument is that the popularity of the genre originates in broadcasting strategy (joint of interpersonal and mass mode of communication) and audiences’ imagination (in their para-social relationship with media celebrity). Based on para-social interaction theory and uses and gratification theory, we identified four major reasons for the popularity of late-night talk show: entertainment, education, habitual media use and emotional attachment. Further theoretical implications and future research agenda will be discussed in the conclusion.

The Mediating Role of Identification and Perceived Persuasive Intent in Overcoming the Resistance to Persuasive Narrative Messages • Kitae Kim, SUNY at Buffalo; Shin-Il Moon, The State University of New York at Buffalo; Thomas Feeley, The State University of New York at Buffalo • Theories on narrative message processing, such as Extended Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (Slater & Rouner, 2002) and Entertainment Overcoming Resistance Model (Moyer-Gusé, 2008), suggest that a narrative message is persuasive because the transportation into the narrative world reduces the resistance to the message such as counterargument and psychological reactance This study proposes and testes the mediating role of identification with a character in a narrative and perceived persuasive intent in the relationship between transportation and two forms of the resistance to the narrative messages (e.g., counterargument and psychological reactance), using a written narrative message regarding bone marrow donation. Results show that identification mediated the relationship while perceived persuasive intent did not. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

The Family Osbourne: A Narrative of Domesticity Tames and Enriches the Godfather of Heavy Metal • Jacqueline Lambiase, Texas Christian University • Ozzy Osbourne, sometimes called the godfather of metal, has never been shelved in the where are they now? category because of his family’s willingness to share its straight and true narrative. This rhetorical project analyzes the storytelling acumen of Ozzy and his wife, Sharon, his longest running collaborator. With their children, they have written 10 memoirs in less than a decade, ensuring mainstream success. After decades, Ozzy still occupies a masculinized heavy-metal space, joined now by a matriarchal space of entertainment projects rooted in domesticity and storytelling.

Goffman in The Real World: Processes of Performance and Characterization Across Three Reality Television Series • Mark Lashley, University of Georgia • This paper looks at three reality television series (The Real World, Starting Over and The Osbournes) through the lens of Goffman’s Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and Propp’s Morphology of the Folktale. Techniques of casting and performance of reality television participants are examined. It is argued that reality television comprises a performative sphere of action where archetypes are continually reproduced, through institutionalized casting techniques and participant performance.

Multimedia in the Website: How do the U.S. Professional Sports Team Websites Adopt and Use Media Technologies? • Yang-Hwan Lee, Sungkyunkwan University; Sung-Chul Ihm, Sungkyunkwan University • Internet and new media technologies plays an important role in establishing the relationship between consumers-marketers. This study investigates what kind of media technology the professional sport team Website adopt and how those media technologies are used as a marketing communication tool. The results showed that Website and its technologies can be useful to sell and promote products and to communicate with customers. In the U.S., therefore, many sports teams are interested in the Website as a pipeline of marketing communication, but it seems not to be a matter of primary concern for some professional sports teams.

Power and Violence in Angry Aryan Song lyrics: Exploring the Recruitment Strategies of the White Power Movement • Andrew Selepak, University of Florida; Belio Martinez, University of Florida • This paper uses a qualitative interpretive framework to analyze song lyrics by the skinhead band the Angry Aryans. It also explores the legitimacy of skinheads as a social movement and the role of power in asserting their status as an oppressed group. Social movements are typically viewed as positive constructs advancing the rights of oppressed people. However, racist extremist groups also portray themselves as grassroots social movements. Results indicate the Angry Aryans perceive ethnic minorities and homosexuals as inferior and subhuman and along with non-skinhead whites a threat to white superiority and survival in the United States. The song lyrics are used as a communication strategy to recruit, intimidate and promote violence. The concept of power and notions from social movement theory support the view of skinheads as a legitimate social movement. However, this study does not suggest that skinheads embody noble aspirations, only that they possess similar dynamics to progressive efforts that seek a common good.

Awe and disgust: American Idol press coverage • Amanda McClain, Temple University • This paper contains discourse analyses of the 2002 and 2008 American Idol news coverage. It finds that both analyses focused on economics, power, and contestants; other topics include Simon Cowell and authenticity versus artificiality. However, while the 2002 coverage included themes of awe and derision, these were absent in the 2008 coverage. American Idol is now so ingrained into American culture, that contempt for it may be tantamount to contempt for American ideals.

Alcoholic content: a textual analysis of Rock of Love • Tim Hogarth, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Mike McComb, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Kareema Pinckney, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University; Sandra Smith, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University • Although there have been studies about reality television, there is a lack of research on the affects of alcohol within competitive dating reality shows. We conducted a textual analysis of Rock of Love with Bret Michaels examining the role alcohol plays within the narrative structure of the program. We determined that alcohol is presented as a positive influence on the participants and a connective thread within the major story arcs of the program.

Quick Measures of Transportation • Daniel G. McDonald, Ohio State University; Jonathan J. Anderegg, Ohio State University; Erin M. Schumaker, Ohio State University; Andrea Quenette, Ohio State University • This study provides an overview of the development of six subscales designed to measure the concept of transportation. The subscales measure multiple dimensions of transportation, but do so in a way that provides a more efficient and more exact measure than is currently available. We examine the reliability of the measures and their validity in several different ways, finding them as powerful as current measures but more sensitive to content variation.

How moviemakers frame the media: An analysis of the portrayal of journalism in popular Vietnam-era cinema • Alexa Milan, Elon University • This research project, guided by framing theory, explores how journalism as a profession and the media were portrayed in film during a time in which journalism was arguably transforming its role in society – the Vietnam War. Rather than studying films focused primarily on journalism, a content analysis of the most popular films was conducted and the presence of the media in everyday life situations coded. The top five highest grossing films from 1968-1977 were included in the sample. These films were in production during the war, and their images reached up to 120 million Americans. The 50 films studied contained 460 representations of media that paint an overall picture of how media was portrayed to audiences in this era. Variables studied included what type of media was present (i.e. newspapers, television), whether it was in the foreground or background of the scene, whether its use moved the action forward, and the reporter’s demographic information. Some key findings include that 53.3% of the media frames were of newspapers, characters responded to the media 32.6% of the time, the media moved the plot forward 45.4% of the time, 30.2% of television portrayals were framed as sensationalistic, and more Black and female journalists appeared in the last four years of the sample. This research is significant because by making the deliberate choice to utilize media in their movies, filmmakers are revealing the media’s importance. Framing theory argues that unconsciously, these portrayals drive public opinion about the media and its role in everyday life.

How to Make a Bully: Examining the Impact of Violent Entertainment on Adolescents • Patrice Oppliger, Boston University; Denis Wu, Boston University • This study explores the connection between different genres of violent media and adolescents’ attitudes toward fighting and bullying behavior. We tested the impact of masculinity on bullying using Bem’s Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Parental attitude toward violence is also incorporated in the regression models. Results showed that scoring high on the BSRI dominance factor predicted adolescent attitudes and bullying behavior. Individual genres of violent media were predictive of attitudes bullying depending on the gender of the participant.

Uses and Gratifications Structural Model of Videogame Play • Emil Bakke, Ohio University; L. Meghan Peirce, Ohio University • This study deductively tests the structure of a uses and gratifications model where audience background characteristics, viewing motivations, exposure and attitudinal factors are considered in how one constructs their reality. Specifically, it examines how users’ locus of control predicts entertainment, companionship and pass time motivations. It then looks at how these motivations predict users’ perceived reality. Results suggest a significant negative relationship between users’ locus of control and the motivations of entertainment, companionship and pass time. Users who hold an external locus of control proved more motivated to play video games. Videogame play as a source of entertainment is a negative predictor of casual gaming. Individuals who were motivated by companionship were significantly likely to be classified as hardcore and casual gamers; and no significant relationships were found by individuals motivated by pass time. The more exposure a user held with the media, the more likely they were to construct their own world based on video game content. By understanding this relationship as a complete structural model, a deeper understanding will be gained of how users construct their reality based on video game play.

Girl power: A content analysis of gender portrayals on popular children’s cable networks • Jack Powers, Ithaca College • A two-week sample of after-school television programs (3-6 p.m.) for The Disney Channel, Nickelodeon, and Cartoon Network was constructed to represent popular after-school cable programming for children. In a systematic content analysis, the frequencies and character attributes of the male and female characters were documented with particular attention paid to how females were presented. This study’s findings update the current state of gender depictions on cable television programs geared toward children, depictions that may influence child viewers. The results suggest that girls are presented more favorably than boys across several variables, but that boy characters still far outnumber girl characters.

Bollywood and the Indian Premier League (IPL): The Political Economy of Bollywood’s New Blockbuster • Azmat Rasul, Florida State University; Jennifer Proffitt, Florida State University New forms of cricket have been introduced for the last four decades to maintain the interest of the audience in the game and, in recent years, to make the game more media-friendly. In India, an innovatively formatted tournament, the Indian Premier League (IPL), was started in 2008. The IPL magnetized cricket fans and corporate sponsors when Bollywood superstars not only promoted but also purchased teams in the league. The interlocking of industry and showbiz carries heuristic value and stipulates the need to examine this phenomenon from a political economic perspective. As such, we argue that the IPL-Bollywood alliance is a new synergistic mechanism that is attracting the attention of global entertainment corporations.

More of the Same from Television Doctors: A Content Analysis of Their Portrayal, Interactions, and Ethical Behavior • Tom Robinson, Brigham Young University; Jessica Danowski, Brigham Young University; Kenny Trent, BYU • The medical drama has been part of television programming since its infancy. Each week on early television medical dramas, doctors were asked, under unbeatable odds to perform a miracle and more often than not – they did. With an almost uncanny ability to dominate and control the lives, these doctors exceeded the abilities of a natural man to a point where they seem almost omnipotent. Then in the 1994-95 television season, ER was introduced to the television audience and although many of ER’s doctors often performed under unbeatable odds, and showed skills well beyond normal doctors, these doctors contained character flaws that presented them as fallible, human-like beings. Views are now seeing doctors who made mistakes, make bad decisions, and who have patients who died. The purpose of this research is to look at the evolution of the medical show and the TV doctor, and determine their role in influencing mass audiences today. Through a content analysis of 10 medical dramas, 55 doctors were coded and the results show that most are male, Caucasian, middle-aged, and attractive. These doctors do make mistakes and many have personality flaws, but most are shown beating medical odds, breaking restrictive rules, dealing with patients’ families, fighting hospital administrators, and still having time to cure their patients.

The Man Without Fear at a Time of Great Fear: A review of Countercultural Themes in the First 100 Issues of the Comic Book, Daredevil. • Bill Schulte, Ohio University • This study reviewed the first 100 issues of Marvel Comic’s Daredevil: The Man Without Fear for countercultural themes prevalent the 1960s and 1970s. This comic book was examined for three countercultural themes: youth interacting with establishment and moving away from 1950s style and values, racial issues and civil rights in the face of a world becoming more integrated, and commentary on the Vietnam War. The study follows the book from its wholesome 1950s style roots, through the free but often pessimistic years between 1964 and 1973. The Marvel comic book, Daredevil, was a previously unexplored medium for creating meaning and engaging countercultural social issues.

No Future No Longer: Pop-Punk and the Second-Wave Legacy • Alexandra Smith, Penn State University, College of Communications • To date, there has been very little academic research focused on the political potential of today&#8223;s pop-punk musical genre. This paper seeks to address that lack by analyzing the music of the pop-punk band NOFX. Drawing on past scholarship examining the political nature of first-wave punk music, an intertextual lyrical analysis of several NOFX songs, the members&#8223; activist tendencies, and the band itself reveals that the music does contain activist messages and uses intertextual methods to effectively create its own model listener.

Critic-Adored, Award-Ignored: Roots and Consequences of Emmy Gone Wire-less • Todd Sodano, St. John Fisher College • The Emmy Award is an overused yet undervalued piece in countless conversations about television. Fans, viewers, and critics lament the broken system that rewards the same talent year after year but ignores cutting-edge, diverse television. This article examines paid journalistic TV critics’ commentaries about the Emmy and why HBO’s The Wire, a critic-adored, award-ignored series, was overlooked by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, a group whose mission includes the promotion of diversity. Furthermore, this essay looks at what the consequences are of this oversight in today’s era of niche market programming.

Motivated Cognitive Processing of Risky and Sexy Video Game Content • Sarah Miesse, The University of Alabama; Johnny Sparks, Texas Tech University; Harsha Gangadharbatla, University of Oregon; Curtis B. Matthews, Texas Tech University • The current study examined the influence of risky and sexy content on motivated cognitive processing of video game content. Participants viewed video clips from the games Fable II and Grand Theft Auto. Negative emotional experiences increased with risky and sexy content. Positive emotional experiences were associated with nonrisky and nonsexy clips. The guiding theoretical perspective predicted that resources allocated to encoding would be greater for positive (nonsexy and nonrisky) than negative (sexy and risky) content because both elicited a low level of arousal. As predicted, recognition sensitivity was greater for nonrisky and nonsexy video game content. Although the findings supported the theoretical predictions, the results do not necessarily correspond with conventional expectations.

The Lady Is (Still) a Tramp: Prime-Time Portrayals of Women Who Love Sex • Jan Whitt, University of Colorado • Expressing their sexuality while being ridiculed by others unites several controversial television characters, including Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan) of The Golden Girls, Jackie Harris (Laurie Metcalf) of Roseanne, Samantha Jones (Kim Cattrall) of Sex and the City, and Paige Matheson and Edie Britt (both played by Nicollette Sheridan) of Knot’s Landing and Desperate Housewives, respectively. Because this study does not focus upon lesbians or women of color, it underscores the manner with which straight white women are caricatured when they disrupt suburbia (Knot’s Landing The Golden Girls, Roseanne, and Desperate Housewives) or an urban community (Sex and the City). The Lady Is (Still) a Tramp suggests that women who subvert unwritten heterosexual codes of conduct must be punished; in fact, their conniving and sometimes narcissistic behavior is the object of humor at the same time that it allows other characters (and viewers of the television program) to bask in moral superiority. It also argues that women who love sex are often the ones who are most unruly by society’s standards; furthermore, although they may be objects of ridicule, they often use wit to retaliate against those who judge them.

An examination of college sports fans’ perceptions of scandal coverage in the media • Molly Yanity, Ohio University; Ashley Furrow, Ohio Universtiy • This study examines which factors motivate how and where college football and men’s basketball fans get their news on scandals, or negative off-field incidents that involve misconduct by coaches and/or players. The main factors examined in this study are trust, bias and characteristics of coverage as distinguished between local and national coverage. This research is important because it could ultimately help to determine how those motivating factors influence what local media outlets cover, and how they cover – or do not cover – controversial topics and scandals in the sports arena.

Using Sense of Control and Sense of others to Explicate User Experiences and Impact of Online Games • Gunwoo Yoon, Graduate School of culture Technology, KAIST; Seoungho Ryu, Department of Visual Culture, Kangwon National University, Korea • This study examines how the sense of control and sense of others influence idiosyncratic experiences and the impact of violent online games. All participants were assigned to one of the four game conditions according to involvement (watching vs. playing) and social interaction (alone vs. together). The participants’ feelings of presence and aggression were measured after the experiment. Results indicated that networked game playing conditions and social interaction entail users to feel more presence and aggression.

<< 2010 Abstracts