AEJMC Council of Affiliates Member Organizations
American Journalism Historians Association
The mission of AJHA, founded in 1981, is to advance the study of journalism and mass communication history, to foster support for the field, and to recognize outstanding achievement in the teaching and research of journalism and mass communication history. The association considers “journalism history” to mean a continuous process, emphasizing but not necessarily confined to subjects of American mass communications. It should be viewed not in the context of perception of the current decade, but as part of a unique, significant, and time-conditioned past.
American Society of News Editors
The American Society of News Editors advances the cause of quality, independent professional journalism. Founded in 1922 to “defend the profession from unjust assault,” ASNE is primarily an organization of newsroom leaders in the United States. Visit ASNE.org for information on how you might benefit by joining ASNE and how to join. ASNE is 90 years old as an organization and focuses on providing leadership for journalism organizations and academic organizations and for startup journalism endeavors. And, in some ways, we are starting from scratch. This summer ASNE moved its headquarters from Reston, Va., to the Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute on the University of Missouri’s campus in Columbia. It’s symbolic yet practical. Ye, we will partner with you. Yes, we can help you. Yes, you can help ASNE news organizations. “Reynolds is focused on innovation and how to preserve and carry forward the most essential values in journalism, including investigative journalism, the preservation of free speech and First Amendment rights, in ways that can engage the public,” says David Boardman, ASNE vice president and executive editor of the Seattle Times. “That aligns just perfectly with ASNE’s mission, and we saw some great potential for synergy with that organization.” ASNE will join organizations like Investigative Reporters and Editors and the National Freedom of Information Coalition in calling the University of Missouri home. In fact, “ASNE’s role is more important than ever,” says Susan Goldberg, ASNE president and Bloomberg News’ executive editor. “The more chaotic and changing and growing our industry is, the more we need effective and ethical leadership of these organizations. ASNE’s job really is to help journalism newsroom leaders manage change and to champion excellent journalism standards. Managing change is one of the most pressing needs of newsroom editors.” In this era of partnerships and collaboration, ASNE is expanding membership to include digital, broadcast and academia. ASNE is all about rebuilding and refocusing its mission. “We want to position ourselves as the thought leaders of journalism on any platform,” Goldberg says.
J-Lab: The Institute for Interactive Journalism
A center of American University’s School of Communication, J-Lab is a catalyst for innovations in journalism that help journalists, educators and citizens use new technologies to launch entrepreneurial news sites, grow access to responsible news and information, and learn how to adapt to the changing digital news ecosystem. J-Lab funds new approaches to journalism, researches what works and shares core insights though its publications, five websites, e-learning modules and in-person training designed to inspire and equip news providers to adapt to the changes. J-Lab has trained more than 6,000 journalists and journalism educators in recent years at its interactive summits, panels and symposia. It is currently focused on supporting and networking entrepreneurial university news startups. This year’s COA/J-Lab luncheon features several of these initiatives. A wrap-up of a recent summit of those sites is here: http://www.j-lab.org/ideas/category/blogically-thinking/trending-university-news-sites/. J-Lab has a respected 10-year track record of turning ideas into action. Our 90 pilot projects have been highly successful, our innovation awards are known throughout the industry, our research is cited regularly by others. Through these and other activities, we create space for experimentation, identify what works, and apply those insights to the future of journalism.
Journalism Education Association
The Journalism Education Association is the largest scholastic journalism organization for teachers and advisers. Put simply, we educate teachers on how to educate students. We fulfill this goal through numerous activities: We provide training around the country at national conventions and institutes. We offer national certification for teaching high school journalism. We publish print and online resources on the latest trends in journalism education. We provide avenues for virtual discussion among teachers, as well as communities and mentoring to learn best practices. We monitor and actively defend First Amendment and scholastic press rights issues across the country. Among JEA’s more than 2,500 members are journalism teachers and publications advisers, media professionals, press associations, adviser organizations, libraries, publishing companies, newspapers, radio stations and departments of journalism.
National Federation of Press Women
The National Federation of Press Women is a dynamic nationwide organization of professional women and men pursuing careers across the communications spectrum. We are a mix of journalists, public relations professionals, editors, designers, free-lance entrepreneurs and authors sharing their knowledge and experience across media platforms. For 75 years, NFPW has promoted the highest ethical standards while looking toward the future by offering professional development, networking and protection of our First Amendment rights. We offer conferences, competitions and recognition, a job bank, a First Amendment Network, discounted libel insurance, and education fund grants to help members take advantage of professional development opportunities. We also support student activities and education with an emphasis on ethics and editorial rights.
NewsGuild-CWA communications
Originally founded by print journalists in 1933, The Newspaper Guild is commonly known today as NewsGuild, a union of 21st century media workers that fights for quality jobs and equality in the workplace; for truth, accuracy and integrity in journalism; for transparency at all levels of government and bureaucracy; and for the freedoms established by the First Amendment. Our 25,000 members in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico are employed in every area of traditional and digital media, as reporters, photographers, editors, designers, advertising sales representatives, circulation workers, business staff and more. We also represent independent translators, interpreters, non-profit organizations’ staff and smaller but growing groups of other employees, including a new unit of ESL (English as a second language) teachers in New York City. As the result of a 1997 merger with the Communications Workers of America, our collective voice is strengthened by 650,000 fellow members and tens of thousands of active retirees. Nationwide, our journalists and other members are frequent guests in classrooms, from elementary schools through college. Several of our locals have also begun teaching community courses in partnership with their newspapers. A unique summer program led by our San Francisco-area local is training college journalists about the media and the value of unionism. We are eager for other opportunities, and invite educators to contact our national headquarters, or the NewsGuild local nearest to them. Contact information and links are online at NewsGuild.org.
Scripps Howard Foundation
Established in 1962, the Scripps Howard Foundation is the corporate philanthropy of The E.W. Scripps Company, a 134-year-old media company with newspapers and TV stations in more than 30 markets and an array of digital products and services, including social games. Mike Philipps () is president and CEO of the Scripps Howard Foundation. The Foundation’s largest expenditures support journalist excellence, diversity and a free press. Among Foundation programs of specific interest to AEJMC members: annual institutes that foster academic leadership skills and the teaching of entrepreneurship as it relates to journalism; twice-monthly “How I Got That Story” webinars offered free of charge to journalism educators, students and professionals; Semester in Washington; Visiting Professors and Professionals in Social Media exchange; multimedia internships for partner school students and a journalism study trip to Japan through a collegiate reporting competition. Ohio University’s Scripps College of Communication and E.W. Scripps School of Journalism and Hampton University’s Scripps Howard School of Journalism and Mass Communication receive general support from the Foundation as do named programs on more than a dozen campuses nationwide. The Foundation’s prestigious Scripps Howard Awards annually honor journalists and college educators with $175,000 in prizes. In addition, the Foundation supports communities in which Scripps does business and the philanthropy and volunteer work of Scripps employees and retirees. Two scholarship programs are offered to employees’ children. For more information about specific programs, contact Sue Porter, vice president/programs, at sue. or visit the Foundation’s website at www.scripps.com/foundation.
Southern Newspaper Publishers Association
Southern Newspaper Publishers Association is committed to the preservation of responsible journalism and the long-term economic strength of newspapers. SNPA provides newspaper executives with information, ideas and best practices to anticipate competitive challenges and grow in an evolving media market. Its innovative training programs focus on issues that are critical to the professional success of the thousands of employees who work for newspapers. In 2013, SNPA will launch an initiative to create a dynamic liaison with journalism schools and departments throughout the Southeast. Journalism educators may join the Association, and are welcome to attend SNPA programs.
SWECJMC
SWECJMC is a regional affiliate of AEJMC with member schools in an eight-state region including Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah. SWECJMC is the founder of the Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, now also available online at http://southwesternmcjournal.wordpress.com/about/. Each fall, SWECJMC hosts a symposium research conference where faculty members and students present referred papers and posters.
Tips from the AEJMC Teaching Committee
How to Live on 24 Hours a Day
(Article courtesy of AEJMC News, September 2012 issue)
I just returned from the AEJMC annual conference in Chicago, one of the most inspiring summer conventions I attended over the past thirty years or so. What made it so special, in my opinion, was that we not only celebrated AEJMC’s 100th anniversary but reflected on how our profession evolved over the course of a century of teaching journalism and mass communication. One of the sessions the Standing Committee on Teaching offered on Saturday morning was designated as a Centennial Session because we discussed “What We’ve Learned In Our First 100 Years.” This session was audience-driven as the four panelists responded to questions submitted by attendees (in person) and those who could not attend (via Twitter). One of the topics that came up in this session and in several other sessions this year was the notion of work-life balance, or work-life integration, as some researchers call it.
One of the highlights of this year’s conference was an exhibition of products that entered the U.S. market in ca. 1912, such as Oreo cookies, Kewpie dolls, the Erector Set, Life Savers, Morton Salt, Goo-Goo Clusters, Necco Wafers, and many others. Also on display was a selection of books published in or around 1912. Thanks to outgoing AEJMC President Linda Steiner, these books were given away to winners of a special drawing throughout the conference. I was one of the lucky winners and chose the book How to Live on 24 Hours a Day by Arnold Bennett.* The title seemed intriguing.
I never thought I could learn something about time management from a book published 100 years ago, but I was in for a pleasant surprise as I started reading it on the plane home from Chicago.
The premise of Bennett’s book is that time is the “inexplicable raw material of everything. With it, all is possible, without it, nothing. (…) You wake up in the morning, and lo! your purse is magically filled with twenty-four hours of the unmanufactured tissue of the universe of your life! It is yours. It is the most precious of possessions. (…) And no one can take it from you. It is unstealable. No-one receives either more or less than you receive. Talk about an ideal democracy! In the realm of time there is no aristocracy of wealth, and no aristocracy of intellect. Genius is never rewarded by even an extra hour a day. And there is no punishment. (…) You cannot draw on the future. Impossible to get into debt! You can only waste the passing moment. You cannot waste tomorrow.” (p. 10)
Because of our intellectual curiosity, however, we tend to want to do more than we can fit into a day’s cycle. The wish to accomplish something outside of our formal obligations seems to be common among humans—perhaps especially for academics who have a desire to build knowledge.
Bennett, who lived in the suburbs of London and took a daily commuter train to get to the office, suggests that we consider our 9 to 5 (or so) work schedule as “the day” and the hours preceding and following it are nothing but a prologue and an epilogue. Just take a moment and record the time you spend every day going to work and coming home. Think of these two times as the “bookends” to your day. Unless you are taking public transportation there is really nothing you can do productively while driving to and from your office except, maybe, listening to books on tape or to BBC World on satellite radio to keep your mind sharp and up to date. If your bookends (or “margins” as Bennett calls them) are disproportionally large compared to your work day, you may want to restructure your life. For example, and these are my suggestions (not Bennett’s), you may choose to telecommute one day a week, or spend your designated research day at home, or teach hybrid courses with 50% class time face-to-face and 50% online.
If we wish to live a full life, according to Bennett, we must find a way to create a “day within a day” that we control. By that he means that we need to arrange for an “inner day” similar to a Chinese box inside a larger Chinese box, or a Russian doll within a doll. You may say “I’m too tired for that” to which Bennett would reply that “mental faculties are capable of continuous hard activity; they do not tire like an arm or a leg. All they want is change—not rest, except in sleep.” (p. 22)
Change, or variety, seems to be the key to maximizing a day’s 24 hours. Bennett offers a few general tips on how to make more efficient use of your time and increase productivity:
Employ all of your senses. Set aside some time (yes, put it on your calendar!) to experience something that is aesthetically pleasing or uplifting. This may be a visit to an art museum, or a stroll through the botanical garden, or attending a play, or listening to a piece of classical music, or savoring a gourmet meal in the good company of friends. This will stimulate your creative thinking and problem-solving skills.
Cultivate your own self. Aspire to learn something new that has seemingly nothing to do with your discipline. It will stimulate your mind and may lead to greater efficiency and productivity.
Set aside time to reflect. “We are supposed to be reasonable, but we are much more instinctive than reasonable. And the less we reflect, the less reasonable we are.” (p. 38)
Control your mind. Don’t let worrying steal your precious time! Worrying keeps you up at night. Clear your mind before you call it a day so that you can regenerate while you sleep.
I would like to add three “time-saving” teaching tips:
Follow a tightly written syllabus. If your syllabus has any loopholes, even the smallest ones, your students will find them. From my experience as department chair, I can tell you that most grade appeals come from students whose instructor did not have an airtight syllabus. When a student challenges a grade the appeals process demands extra time from the instructor, the department chair, the dean’s office, and the Appeals committee.
Be firm in saying “No!” If you give in to a sob story by one of your students and you show leniency, other students will try to exploit your generosity. Then you may end up spending the rest of the semester on the defensive, which demands more time and causes unnecessary stress.
Anticipate disruptive behavior and be prepared to respond appropriately. Most of the undergraduate students in our classrooms today are members of a generation called “Generation Rx.” (Millennials already entered the workplace and “Xers” have moved on to be administrators and executives.) The unique challenge educators face with the “Prescription Generation” is that we are often surprised by unpredictable behaviors some of our students display in class. These may be symptoms of a disability such as Autism or Tourette Syndrome, or they may be caused by the fact that a student took his/her medication too late, or forgot to take it, or the medication was being adjusted or switched, or the medication has side effects that cause behavioral changes. While we are not medical professionals trained to know the difference we should know what to do (and what not to do) when a student displays disruptive behavior in class so that we are not wasting anybody’s time. Please ask your university’s office for Faculty Affairs or your Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning for information and guidance regarding this matter.
So, whenever we say “Someday, when I have more time, I will do such-and-such!” let’s remind ourselves to maximize the time we have today. Carpe Diem!
*Bennett, Arnold (2007). How To Live On 24 Hours A Day. Mineola, NY: Dover. (Originally published in 1908 by The New Age Press, London.)
By Birgit Wassmuth
Kennesaw State University
AEJMC Teaching Committee
Tips from the AEJMC Teaching Committee
Continuing AEJMC’s Mission 100 Years Later
(Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2012 issue)
AEJMC at 100 is a large, diverse organization with dozens of interest groups and divisions, with representation from programs of all sizes and with members from around the globe. Still, we’re united by a common goal—to prepare the next generation of journalism and mass communication professionals, researchers and instructors.
At the heart of that goal is our mission of teaching. In 1912, teaching was the focus of the new American Association of Teachers of Journalism. As journalism classes and programs were popping up around the country, founding members voted to hold an annual conference focused on teaching and to collect statistics related to journalism in higher education. The research committee was formed in 1924, and professional freedom and responsibility was included formally in 1964.
How We’ve Changed
Clearly, teaching has changed over the past century. The first conference was amended only by men, and in 1927, AATJ listed 55 women among the 430 journalism teachers nationwide. Today, the gender ratio is much different: Female faculty members outnumber men in some programs, and most of us teach more women than men in our courses.
The scope of what we’re teaching has expanded. Courses in the 1910s prepared students for careers in newspapers and magazines. Today, we teach classes in research, theory, diversity, ethics and political communication while imbuing students with skills needed for careers in advertising, public relations, electronic media, online and social media. I sometimes wonder what AATJ founder Willard G. Bleyer would have thought of my writing for Twitter lecture in my newswriting and reporting course.
Technology hasn’t just changed what we teach; it’s also changed how we teach. We’ve found new ways to deliver information in the classroom and via distance. We have PowerPoints, Flickr accounts, class WordPress sites, group Twitter feeds, Blackboard course shells and eWorkbooks. Now we don’t need to know only our topic areas; we need to be technology experts.
Still, the beauty of our roles as teachers is that we can embrace our personal styles. Two of our top professors in my department, for example, don’t use those tools. They face their classes armed only with a dry erase marker, a blackboard and a passion for their subject. And they earn some of the highest student evaluation scores at the university. I’m humbled when I watch them teach—and watch the students listen to them with rapt attention. Replace their dry erase marker with chalk, and it’s clear that what worked in the classroom 100 years ago still can work today.
Continuing Our Commitment
As our predecessors did a century before us, we’ll meet in Chicago this year committed to teaching the next generation. This year’s AEJMC program again is chock full of excellent sessions aimed at encouraging and recognizing excellence in teaching. Our divisions and interest groups have many offerings focused on teaching, including the Great Ideas For Teachers (GIFT) session and the Promising Professors workshop.
The elected Standing Committee on Teaching also has been working to keep teaching programming front and center. We hope many of you will amend our scheduled sessions:
• Wednesday, Aug. 8, 6 to 9:30 p.m. — “Getting Started in Teaching Journalism: Tips From the Vets.” This pre-conference workshop (registration and small fee required) is designed for newer teachers. Participants will leave armed with innovative teaching tips and a new teaching veteran to keep in touch with as questions arise.
• Thursday, Aug. 9, 10 to 11:30 a.m. — “2012 Best Practices in Teaching Writing across Media.” This session features winners of our annual competition sharing their winning entries on creative and innovative ideas for teaching writing. Attendees receive a booklet with the winning entries.
• Friday, Aug. 10, 1:30 to 3 p.m. — “The Doctors Are In.” Speed da4ng meets group therapy for effective teaching as participants pick one of seven simultaneous teaching topic discussion tables to share ideas and ask questions. When the bell rings, participants move to another table or stay to continue their discussion. This session is designed for all teachers.
• Saturday, Aug. 11, 8:15 to 9:45 a.m. — “Teaching JMC, A Talk and Tweet Session: What We’ve Learned in Our First 100 Years.” We pulled together instruction experts to answer your questions, hear your concerns, and address current issues teachers face. Tweet your questions ahead of time: Use #AEJMCTeach100 in your tweet to: @laldoory. Email your questions to . And share your questions in person at the session.
By Jennifer Greer, Chair
University of Alabama
AEJMC Teaching Committee
AEJMC Council of Affiliates 2012 Annual Industry Research Forum
The AEJMC Council of Affiliates has launched a new competition that began with AEJMC’s Centennial conference in August 2012 in Chicago, our first annual Industry Research Forum. The interdependence between the academy and the professional and industry organizations it serves provides an opportunity for collaboration on research that can benefit everyone.
The Council of Affiliates of AEJMC, which consists of member organizations related to the fields of journalism and mass communication, is therefore sponsoring this Industry Research Forum designed to strengthen that academy/industry link.
Three winners of $1000 each presented their research at the AEJMC Conference. Mike Philipps and the Scripps Howard Foundation provided an additional $1000 so a third award could be made. The three winners are as follows and can be found here:
“Media Entrepreneurship: Curriculum Development and Faculty Perceptions of What Students Should Know,” Michelle Ferrier, Elon University
“Best Practices in Managing News Website Comments,” Mitch McKenney, Kent State University
“The Ten Percent Dilemma: The Opportunities and Challenges of Managing Newspapers in the Digital Age,” Paul Steinle, professor emeritus, Southern Oregon University; Sara Brown, Valid Sources, Seattle
Building the Bridge Grants 2011-12
Adopting Ushahidi for Crowdsourcing and Data Visualization: New paths for Event-mapping in Chile
This project will train journalism students into crowdsourcing and data visualization techniques and increase user engagement by adapting the Ushahidi platform into Km Cero, Chile’s most important non-profit, college-produced news web site. Run entirely by students and faculty members at Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile’s School of Journalism, Km Cero strives to produce high-quality online journalism geared towards young people by employing innovative news formats and content. The Ushahidi platform, thus, would allow our news outlet to reach those goals by enabling citizens and journalists to report and map important news events that take place in Chile, including street protests, natural catastrophes and crime. We seek funding to train students in the use of Ushahidi, customize the platform into Km Cero, and develop new journalistic projects based on the this Knight News Challenge project.
Ingrid Bachmann and Sebastian Valenzuela | Universidad Catolica de Chile
Kansan.com High School News Feed
The proposed project will establish a high school news and advertising feed on Kansan.com, the University Daily Kansan (UDK) website. The news feed will use Printcasting and FeedBrewer, which were developed with Knight New Challenge funding. The feed will: Provide Kansan.com readers with niche local, youth-oriented coverage from around the state; Broaden high school journalists’ audience and exposure; Stimulate mentoring relationships between UDK student and 
professional staff, and high school journalism programs; Generate ad revenue for participating high school journalism programs; and Provide Kansan.com with valuable audience data.
Peter Bobkowski, Assistant Professor | University of Kansas
CityCircles Light Rail Job Classifieds
This intention of the student collaborative project is to create a hyperlocal model that will support the future sustainability of the CityCircles mobile app. Arizona State University students have often expressed to educators that they must find a job along the light rail due to transportation constraints. Phoenix is geographically spread out, which creates challenges for people dependent upon public transportation. Thus, an app that focuses on job classifieds along the light rail will serve as information service and a potential future revenue stream for CityCircles.
Serena Carpenter and Nancie Dodge, | Arizona State University
Reporting from the Storm
We will use Ushadidi’s software platform as the end distribution tool for students covering the Oklahoma 2012 tornado season. This is a classroom — centered initiative that has the potential to spread into Oklahoma’s communities, weather institutions, and mass media outlets. Three journalism courses will be involved: Advanced multimedia journalism, community journalism, and a special topics course on mobile reporting. However, the purpose of the grant will target the development, implementation, and pedagogical support needed to bring Ushadidi into the advanced multimedia class. Community journalism students will develop the sources among Oklahoma communities and the storm chaser network already established in the state. This will provide the foundation of crowdsourcing that will make this effort meaningful to Oklahoma citizens. The advanced multimedia class will bring this information into our news website Oklahoma Routes. The mobile reporting class will provide news reports throughout the semester that will be presented within the website using the Ushadidi software.
Julie Jones, Associate Professor and John Schmeltzer, Engleman/Livermore Professor in Community Journalism | University of Oklahoma
OpenBlock Campus
OpenBlock Campus will bring hyperlocal news resources to Kent State University college campus. The 
OpenBlock software will be adapted to the main campus of Kent State University. Because Kent State is a public university, we will obtain much data in addition to the local information seen on OpenBlock. We plan to develop scrapers unique to the campus, ones that can find news articles and blogs mentioning Kent State, as well as data linked to campus classrooms and offices, such as professor schedules, curriculum vitae and course evaluations.
Jacqueline Marino, Assistant Professor | Kent State University
In-depth Reporting of Methamphetamine Production and Abuse in Oklahoma
The School of Media and Strategic Communications at Oklahoma State University would like to allow students a new, in-depth reporting platform that should greatly enhance their learning experience. We would like to use DocumentCloud to help students produce a series of stories on Oklahoma’s longtime, growing problem with methamphetamine production and abuse. We plan to work in conjunction with Oklahoma Watch, a nonprofit organization that does in-depth reporting. It has board members from across the state, and Jaclyn Cosgrove, one of its leading reporters, is a recent OSU graduate. OSU’s faculty also has strong ties to the Tulsa World and The Oklahoman, the state’s largest newspapers that also are involved with Oklahoma Watch.
Ray Murray, Associate Professor | Oklahoma State University
Telling Stories with Data: Life at a Hispanic Serving Institution
This project will develop a platform to support an ongoing course that focuses on data storytelling and visualizations based on the Knight-funded VIDI project. The initial project during its first semester would focus on the changing nature of the enrollment of Texas State University and it’s status as a Hispanic Serving Institution.
Cindy Royal, Associate Professor, and Jacie Yang, Assistant Professor | Texas State University
LarryvilleKU: Web and Mobile Application of OpenBlock to The Kansan
This project utilizes OpenBlock, a hyper-local news and data platform developed through the Knight News Challenge. The purpose of this project is three-fold. First, the investigators propose to develop innovative ways of applying OpenBlock to The University Daily Kansan (the Kansan), a self-supporting, independent, student-run media operation at the University of Kansas. Second, the investigators aim to help other campus media that might be interested in incorporating OpenBlock to their sites by
sharing via GitHub final computer code developed under this grant. Lastly, the investigators will develop a theoretical model identifying factors predictive of people’s participation in OpenBlock as well as an evaluation matrix to assess the 
application of OpenBlock to campus media. Thus the practical application of OpenBlock to the Kansan will generate scholarly papers on OpenBlock for campus media operations. This research team is well positioned to cover both practical and research aspects of the topic, as it includes a journalism professor whose research focuses on social and digital media and the General Manager and News Adviser, Sales and Marketing Adviser, and Web Editor of the Kansan.
Hyunjin Seo, Assistant Professor | The University of Kansas
Photojournalism and Social Engagement Tablet App
The College of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (CoJMC) has just started a planning process to create a mobile tablet app to display its work, particularly its photojournalism. The college has an endowment to send students around the world to photograph the stories of people in need. The app will make these stories be more than photo stories; it will be information that prompts viewer action and engagement, using the capabilities of tablet applications. The app will be used to teach viewers about the problems of people in need around the world, and then help them engage with one another and with legislators who could help the people depicted. The app will enable the user to find Congressmen whose voting records show they want to help the people who are the subject of the photo stories. The online photo and story layouts will then be turned into an ebook and a premium print book.
Adam Wagler | University of Nebraska-Lincoln
@SDSU – Where’s the news?
Mobile Application for Mapping Civic and Public Service Issues on Campus and Beyond
Tips for Educators from AzteCast — Here are some tips for making it work on your campus >>
The @SDSU (http://at.sdsu.edu) mobile news application is an innovative way of bringing civic and public service issues to a university campus and its surrounding neighborhoods. The application focuses on the importance of mapping the information of what is happening on campus to a specific geographic location. 
Specifically the information is focused on items that are important to a campus community (e.g. traffic, weather, crime, power outages, crises, violence, health pandemic, public safety, food safety, campus elections, campus events, etc.). The @SDSU mobile news application will be built off of the Knight News Challenge Ushahidi platform. The 
power of the Ushahidi platform is its ability to allow people to mobilize during a crisis using a mobile channel to provide information and map it to a specific area. The @SDSU mobile news application will use the Ushahidi platform to provide important information to students, faculty, staff and citizens living in nearby neighborhoods adjacent to the campus. Journalism students will use this tool for newsgathering and reporting of campus events but more importantly, use this as a tool to verify the information that is coming through the mobile application. A university safety committee (already in place) and journalism students will verify the information that is submitted into the system.
Amy Schmitz Weiss, Assistant Professor | San Diego State University
AEJMC Call for Proposals:
Building a Bridge Between the Knight News Challenge and JMC Programs:
Bringing the Ideas to Life in JMC Classrooms and Student Media
AEJMC is seeking proposals from its members to develop innovative and creative academic applications of projects already funded through the Knight News Challenge. The goal is to implement these projects in ways that enhance the education of future journalists for the new media landscape. This program is funded by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.
AEJMC will award up to 10 grants of up to $8,000 each. Proposals must create an academic application (or a use by college media) of the open source code or platform already created by one of the Knight News Challenge Grant recipients. Projects where code and platforms have been developed and are ready for use include DocumentCloud, SPS, Spot.Us, Ushahidi, NewsCloud, Selectricity, Politiwidgets, FeedBrewer and SnagFilms. To see these and other project products, visit <Knightapps.org>.
For a look at proposals funded for 2011-12 click here.
Proposal Guidelines:
• Projects would need to be fully implemented on campus within a year of receiving the grant.
• Full-time faculty members (either an individual or a group) would be eligible for a grant. Faculty members must be current AEJMC members and can be from any country. If your proposal is selected for funding, you must remain a current AEJMC member for the duration of the grant.
• Proposals need to be specific, must show innovation and imagination, and must use a software/platform created through a Knight News Challenge grant in a classroom or lab setting or in college media. The grants should be for new ideas/uses, not to fund initiatives already under way.
Proposals should include:
• A three-to-four page proposal outlining the academic application being developed, the specific Challenge Fund software/platform being used, and how this will benefit students on your campus.
• A one-page letter from your unit chair, director or dean endorsing the proposal.
• A budget outlining cost of development and implementation. Funds may be used for course materials, nominal consultant fees for assistance in adapting software, relevant outside speakers to travel to campus, surveys, graduate student assistance, and website development. Funds may NOT be used for equipment, faculty release time or university administrative/overhead fees. All funds must be used solely for the project.
• A timeline for the project.
• A detailed outline of how the application will be assessed and evaluated.
Grant timetable:
• Proposals should be in ONE file (either a pdf or Word document) and are due to AEJMC by 5 p.m. (Eastern time) Monday, September 10, 2012, via email to .
• Grant awards will be announced by Friday, September 28, 2012.
• Grant recipients will be expected to report on their new applications during the 2013 AEJMC Conference in Washington, DC. (AEJMC will provide each selected project with an additional $500 in travel assistance to attend that conference.)
• Grants will be paid by October 15 with the final report and accounting of the grant funds due September 30, 2013. (Funds not used must be returned to AEJMC.)
• Questions? Contact Jennifer McGill, AEJMC at or 803-798-0271.
Commission on the Status of Women 2012 Abstracts
Faculty
Few Shades of Gray: Media Portrayal of German-American Relations During the Postwar Occupation of Germany • Marilyn Greenwald, Ohio University • This paper examines the portrayal in the U.S. media of the relationship between American GIs and German citizens during the post-World War II Occupation of Germany. Based on the personal and professional correspondence of Pauline Frederick, who covered post-World War II Central Europe, and the content of Life magazine and the New York Times, it appears that American news managers did not want to publish any stories – human interest or otherwise — that could be construed as sympathetic to German citizens, or ones that portrayed GIs in anything but a positive light.
“I Am Just an Ordinary Housewife:” Congressional Television and the Disruption of the Public Sphere in the Early Fifties • Bastiaan Vanacker, Loyola University Chicago • In March of 1951, live broadcasts of the Kefauver Crime Hearings from New York generated unprecedented public interest and put television on the map as a viable medium to report on political/public issues. The enthusiastic reactions of the massive viewership brought the debate on the role of television in democracy to the forefront and led to calls for more live broadcasts of political proceedings.
“A Girl Move”: Negotiating Gender and Technology in Chess Offline and Online • Undrahbuyan Baasanjav, Temple University • This research explores the real-life and online experience of women chess players. Based on the analysis of data collected in in-depth interviews, it explores how women integrate technology into their play/pleasure and how different cultural contexts influence the perception of gender and mastery in chess. The research suggests that an intellectual gap between men and women in chess has been discursively constructed without consideration of the historical asymmetry of power relations and other social and cultural factors.
A Section of Their Own: Women Leaders in the Financial Times’ Women At the Top • Elanie Steyn, University of Oklahoma; Kathryn Jenson White, University of Oklahoma • Historically, women’s pages elevated to the status of news issues defined as important to women. These sections integrated women into mass-media worthiness while segregating their concerns to suggest they mattered only to women. Recently, business publications have begun to create similar women’s sections focusing on women as leaders, managers and entrepreneurs. This paper qualitatively analyzes how the Financial Times’ Women at the Top products are portraying women’s progress toward and process to achieve these positions.
Subverting the script: Strengthening young women’s sexual self-concept by exposure to televised counter sexual scripts • Rebecca Ortiz • Television is a major source of common sexual scripts for adolescents and young adults. The proliferation of the heterosexual script on television is of particular concern because constant exposure may lead to reinforcement of negative sexual stereotypes by young viewers and negatively affect their sexual well-being.
The Marginalization of Dagongmei: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Coverage on Female Migrant Laborers in China. • Siyuan Yin • Dagongmei, referring to young and unmarried female migrant laborers in China, has become an emerging social group since the 1980s. Labeled as undereducated, impoverished and vulnerable, this group not only suffers political and economic exploitations but suffers cultural oppressions with bias and contempt from urban residents. By analyzing how news media represent dagongmei, the article accesses the role of media in the intersected oppressions the group suffer.
“Catfights” under the Male Gaze: Framing of the 2010 U.S. House Race between Kristi Noem and Stephanie Herseth Sandlin • Miglena Sternadori, University of South Dakota • Using theories of agency, benevolent and enlightened sexism, and the male gaze, this paper employs framing analysis to explore stereotypes in the media coverage of a political race with more than one female candidate. The focus is on the 2010 race for the U.S. Representative for South Dakota’s at-large congressional district, in which the Republican candidate Kristi Noem won by 1.2 percent of the vote over the Democratic incumbent, Stephanie Herseth Sandlin.
The Bounce of Title Nine • Aimee Edmondson, Ohio University • Utilizing the critical method of fantasy theme analysis, this study will examine the rhetorical strategies employed by the Bounce catalog in its quest to appeal to the female buyer, analyzing how the parent company, Title Nine, executes a feminist editorial agenda and advocates for women’s participation in sports. The analysis will employ symbolic convergence theory in the study of the text and photographs of the catalog through the context of third wave feminism.
Girlhoods in the Golden Age of U.S. Radio: Music, Shared Popular Culture, and Memory • Sharon Mazzarella, James Madison University; Rebecca Hains, Salem State University; Shayla Thiel-Stern, University of Minnesota • In this paper, we interview 30 U.S. women born between 1918-1948 in order to uncover their girlhood experiences with media and popular culture during their child and teen years. Their narratives reveal a lack of engagement with youth and/or girl-oriented media artifacts; the shared experience of radio listening; an emphasis on the “experience” of using media artifacts rather than on the content; and the appeal of music and dance as a girlhood pasttimes.
Media and Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Campaign: A Model for Understanding Construction of Collective Memory • Mary Tucker-McLaughlin, ECU; Kenneth Campbell • Using the public life and 2008 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, we offer a model for understanding personal, historical and mass media memory in the construction of collective memory. We use results of our grounded theory study of television news representations of Clinton, which identified two themes — innovator and voiceless — to show implications of mass media portrayals on collective memory.
The performance of gender roles in creative writing: Why do women submit less than men? • Richard Mocarski • The 2011 VIDA report demonstrates the gender gap in creative publishing, finding only 30% of the work in the top thirteen literary magazines by women. This study of 200 creative writers confirms that women not only published less often than men, but also submit to journals less often than men. It is posited that these behaviors are based on gendered expectations imbued from the culturally accepted norms of hegemonic masculinity and femininity.
Performance of Gender Identity on Wedding Websites • Laura Beth Daws, Georgia Highlands College • For many women, having a wedding ceremony is part of an ideal adult identity (Mead, 2007). Their performative elements extend beyond the ceremony to wedsites, or websites created for an upcoming wedding. Performativity (Butler, 1999) provides a theoretical framework for understanding wedsites as virtual spaces that accommodate gender identity performance. Photo elicitation interviews and thematic analysis of wedsites reveals that women construct wedsites to be consistent with traditional notions of gender and sex roles.
Gender politics in interscholastic sports: A framing analysis of Title IX • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee; Marie Hardin, Penn State University; Drew Shade; Julia Daisy Fraustino, The Pennsylvania State University; Erin Ash, Pennsylvania State University • This research explores the way Title IX is framed in interscholastic sports by using a content analysis to examine coverage stemming from lawsuits filed against the Florida and Michigan High School Athletic Associations (FHSAA and MHSAA).
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Women bloggers: Identity and the Concept of Sports • Dunja Antunovic, Pennsylvania State University; Marie Hardin, Penn State University • The emergence of the blogosphere has offered a unique opportunity for women to share their experiences. While research on women bloggers has pointed to the ways in which women generate knowledge and challenge social structures, little work has been done about women who blog about sports; a sphere deeply embedded in hegemonic masculine ideology. This study explored the formation of self and the conceptualization of sports in the “Sports Blog” directory of BlogHer, a women’s blog network.
He Said, She Said: The Effects of Gender on Political Attack Ads • Bryan McLaughlin, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Catasha Davis, UW-Madison; Sandra Knisely, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Coppini, University of Wisconsin Madison; Young Mie Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison • Contrary to conventional expectations, empirical research suggests female politicians can successfully attack male opponents. Using an experimental design, this study examines the interaction between the gender of an attack ad sponsor and participant’s gender in the context of a political sex scandal. Results show that among male participants, an attack is more successful at lowering evaluations of the opposing politician when the sponsor is female, while no significant results were found among female participants.
How Female and Male J/MC Authors Perceive the Journal Peer Review Process: Differently • Brendan Watson, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina • Web-based survey (N=377) of J/MC scholars’ perceptions of peer-review for Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly and “other mass communication journals.” JMCQ rated generally positive on measures of satisfaction, particularly for time of review, editorial correspondence, and reviewer professionalism and clarity. Other journals rated more positively on review usefulness for improving scholarship. No major JMCQ-others difference in perceived openness to ideologies, methods or topics. Manuscript rejection negatively predicts satisfaction, though women were less affected by rejection.
A Correlation Study on Chinese Young Female Audiences’ Exposure to American TV Drama, Perceived Realism, and Sex-related effects • Qi Ling, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Xin Zhang • Correlation between exposure to American TV drama, social cognitive element – perceived realism, and sex-related effects were investigated among 302 young female audiences in China. More exposure to American TV drama and higher perceived realism on it was associated with more permissive sexual attitude, while exerting weaker effect on female audiences’ beliefs of sexual double standard and sexual agency. Perceived utility of sexual content in American TV turned out to significantly predict the effects.
Sweetness and Strength: Codes of Femininity and Body Image in Branded Social-Networking Messages • Anne Holcomb, Western Michigan University • This study is a semiological textual analysis of Facebook Page updates by the Victoria’s Secret PINK and Nike Women apparel brands. This research carries the tradition of critical feminist media analysis into the 21st Century. The research uncovers six semiotic codes of femininity marketed to Facebook users: “cheekiness,” “sweetness,” and “spirit” were the three main codes found in PINK posts. “Role-model athleticism,” “globalism” and “discipline” were the three main codes found in Nike Women content.
Western media attitudes toward an immigrant of color sex crime victim: Case study: The DSK case • Jenny Mumah, University of North Texas • This qualitative content analysis examined the coverage of the DSK case by three international newspapers: the New York Times, The Guardian and Le Monde within a feminist framework. Findings suggest that the accuser, an immigrant woman, received less favorable coverage than the defendant. Frames identified in the coverage include the importance of status/prominence, race and male privilege.
“Try to Lift Someone Else as We Climb”: Building Bridges From Press Clubs to Women’s Liberation • Candi Carter Olson, University of Pittsburgh • This paper maps the business-minded Women’s Press Club of Pittsburgh onto the history of the radical women’s liberation movement. Through oral history interviews and archival research, this paper examines how the club’s efforts at racial integration and individual member’s successes in conquering barriers in other areas of the newsroom strengthened the broader women’s movement. Battles won by women in the 1960s and 1970s established a foundation for the next generation of women journalists.
Sports Communication 2012 Abstracts
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Digital Touchdown?: An Examination of Audience’s Multiplatform Experience during the 2012 Super Bowl • Tang Tang, University of Akron; Roger Cooper, Ohio University • The 2012 Super Bowl was the most watched television program in U.S. television history, and represented a wide-scale expansion to online and digital environments. This study examined audience’s multiplatform experience with the 2012 Super Bowl. Results indicate that traditional television was still the dominant medium for Super Bowl viewing.
Say It Ain’t So, Joe: Prestige Newspaper Coverage of Joe Paterno and the Penn State Scandal • Paul Husselbee, Southern Utah University • This paper analyzes newspaper coverage of Joe Paterno’s actions after Jerry Sandusky’s arrest for alleged sex crimes against children at Penn State University. It also analyzes antapologia and valence in response to Paterno’s apologetic statement just hours before he was fired as Penn State’s football coach. Findings are consistent with previous studies on newspaper coverage and antapologia, with one shocking difference: Journalists portrayed Paterno’s actions and statement significantly more unfavorably than neutral or favorably.
The Vancouver “Big Six” Gender-Framed: NBC’s Primetime Coverage of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics • James Angelini, University of Delaware; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama; Paul MacArthur, Utica College • This study represents the first attempt to content-analyze on-air commentary surrounding the six “major” Winter Olympic sports, operationalized as any event receiving at least three hours of aggregate primetime coverage. Analysis of all 64 hours of NBC’s primetime coverage of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games revealed 26 significantly-different dialogue trends between men and women athletes. Interestingly, events such as figure skating featured many gender differences, while bobsled, freestyle skiing, and snowboarding had none.
New Playing Grounds: How Sport Was Reconceptualized for U.S. Television in the 1960s • Tara Kachgal, University of Wisconsin-Superior • The 1960s have been called the “Golden Age” of U.S. sports television. Sports anthology series (i.e., magazine programs) such as CBS Sports Spectacular, ABC’s Wide World of Sport, and NBC Sports in Action served to codify many of the aesthetic, narrative, and technical conventions that would later exemplify the presentation of TV sport.
Money Changes Everything: Sports Journalists and England’s Barclays Premier League • Danielle Sarver Coombs, Kent State University; Anne Osborne, Louisiana State University • This paper seeks to understand the perceptions and experiences sports reporters tasked with covering Premier League sides. These football journalists describe limited access brought on by the clubs’ decisions to emphasize global brands and manage their own content through club-run websites and material. Respondents also perceive this limited access is exacerbated by a growing culture of suspicion that widens the gulfs between teams and the reporters who cover them.
College Athletes’ Perception of Social Media Use • Mary Sheffer, University of Southern Mississippi; Brad Schultz; Lyndie Bishop • In an age where more athletes are using the social media, more schools struggle to control or monitor those media messages. Social media gives athletes a unique and unfiltered platform to present their image to a vast audience of sports fans and consumers. Although some universities have begun to implement social media policies, in many instances athletes’ awareness or comprehension of the use of social media remains opaque. A university’s image can be quickly tarnished by student athletes’ inappropriate social media use and can lead to serious sanctions by the NCAA.
Beyond Getting Your Bell Rung: Framing of Sport-Related Concussion Coverage Between 2007 and 2012. • Lesa Major; Matthew Zimmerman; Lauren Burch • This study gauges how the issue of sport-related concussion is being discussed in the public arena by examining five years of news coverage about the National Football League and the National Hockey League from The New York Times, USA Today, and ESPN.com. This research records the presence of the frames – problem definition, cause, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation, and determines whether these frames are presented as thematic or episodic.
Closing the gender gap?: A framing analysis of high school basketball coverage • Erin Whiteside, University of Tennessee; Jodi Rightler-McDaniels, University of Tennessee, Knoxville • This research uses a content analysis to explore how high school male and female athletes are framed in newspapers. In analyzing basketball coverage from 141 unique newspapers, results show that although boys received the bulk of the coverage, the gap in parity may be closing when it comes to preps sports coverage. Furthermore, girls were generally not framed as feminine. Still, there were key differences in coverage, most notably in references to the athletic body.
Which team do you play for? A social identity study of sports and news journalists and the coverage of athletes who commit crimes. • Vincent Filak; Scott Reinardy, University of Kansas • Using the lens of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we examined the attitudes of sports and news journalists in regard to the coverage of athletes who have committed crimes. This study of 275 journalists revealed patterns of intergroup bias. News journalists were more likely to agree that crime was an important part of the paper’s overall coverage. In addition, both sports journalists and news journalists felt reporters within their social group were better equipped to cover stories involving athletes and crime.
Do Celebrity Endorsements Work? Exploring Effective Strategies of Banner Advertisement in Sport Websites • Woo-Young Lee, University of Central Missouri; Minjung Sung, Chung-Ang University • Sport is a fixture of American culture. The fusion of sport, media, and advertising lend growing importance to managing the attitudes of consumers. Scholars have made a tremendous devotion to researching effective advertising strategies for online sport marketing. However, a limited number of studies have focused exclusively on sport celebrity endorsement and related congruity in online advertising. The current study applied MANCOVA testing to produce definitive results.
Television Sports and Social TV: The Courtship Continues • John Shrader, California State University, Long Beach • Television is challenged by the digital revolution in a number of ways. Live television sports is no exception. Consumers expect the product in a number of platforms, and the producers of live sports television provide it in a number of platforms. One of the latest and greatest challenges – and opportunities – for the announcers of live sports television is social media. It wasn’t long ago that the announcers were the viewers’ primary source for in-game information.
Contrasting Desired Sports Journalism Skills in a Convergent Media Environment • Stan Ketterer, Oklahoma State University; John McGuire, Oklahoma State University; Ray Murray, Oklahoma State University • This research study considered how desired job skills for future newspaper sports reporters and television sports reporters are merging in the convergence journalism era. Using open-ended responses given by newspaper sports editors and television sports directors around the country, the researchers employed Spearman’s Rho to contrast results. While no significant correlation could be found between top individual top skills listed by newspaper sports editors and television sports directors, significant correlation was found contrasting the top 10 desired skills.
Performing the “Good Negro Athlete” in Mid-Century America: Three Case Studies • Phillip Hutchison, University of Kentucky • This historical-critical analysis employs Raymond Williams’ theories of hegemony to examine the performative aspects of the Good Negro Athlete stereotype from 1947-1962. The study examines how white interests used the stereotype to define the social personas of three African American heavyweight champion boxers during this period. These cases illustrate how white promoters and journalists used the persona to synchronize America’s commercial leisure industry with postwar America’s racial hierarchies.
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When Fan Identification Levels Go Extreme: An Exploratory Study of the Highly Identified Fans of the Ultimate Fighting Championship • Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Michael Devlin, University of Alabama; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama • The current study examined the implications of fan identity as it related to Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), more specifically, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The authors examined differences in levels of fan identification towards individual athletes compared to the UFC organization. An online survey yielded 911 respondents who were representative of the UFC’s current audience demographics. Results showed significant differences in fan identify between gender, age, and sensation-seeking behaviors.
The Paradox of Player Safety: Media Constructions of Violence in the NFL • Jacob Dittmer, University of Oregon • The NFL’s concussion crisis and pending litigation has revealed a paradox in the promotion of football. The popularity of the NFL derives from media myth constructions of warrior players and dominant narratives focusing on violence. Yet the official response to the concussion crisis, epitomized in the NFL Evolution campaign, promotes a narrative of a league dedicated to a safe working environment for its players. This paper examines the dynamics of the paradox of player safety.
Exploring Situational Crisis Communication Theory: Using the 2011 NBA lockout to investigate crisis response strategies • Melanie Formentin, The Pennsylvania State University • Using the National Basketball Association (NBA) lockout as an example, this study reports the results of a 3×2 experiment examining whether accommodative or defensive strategies are more successful at changing perceptions of blame and preserving reputation during a crisis. The study was grounded in situational crisis communication theory, and results suggest that crisis response strategies may impact perceptions of fault during a crisis but perceptions of fault did not significantly impact the NBA’s reputation.
More than Just a Pretty Face? Examining the Influence of Attractiveness and Reporter/Athlete Congruity on Perceived Credibility • Dustin Hahn, Texas Tech University, College of Mass Communication; Glenn Cummins, Texas Tech University College of Mass Communications • Research examining source credibility in mass communication has demonstrated how source’s gender and attractiveness can impact perceived credibility and, subsequently, how well messages are received. This experiment extends these findings to the context of mediated sports by examining them in conjunction with athlete gender. Although source attractiveness and gender appear to have no influence, data gleaned from this experiment demonstrate that these relationships are actually dependent upon incongruity with athlete gender.
The Effects of Fantasy Football Participation on Team Identification, Team Loyalty and NFL Fandom • Jeremy Lee, Florida State University; Brody Ruihley; Natalie Brown, University of Alabama; Andrew Billings, University of Alabama • An estimated 35 million people in North America participated in fantasy sport in 2011. This study examines how participation levels in fantasy football affect team identification, team loyalty, fandom of the National Football League (NFL), and consumer behavior. Survey results indicate higher fantasy participation levels leading to higher team identification, higher team loyalty, and higher fandom, where fandom of the NFL is higher than team identification.
Ain’t it so? “Shoeless” Joe Jackson, collective memory, and the shaping of an American hero • Brett Borton, University of South Carolina • Joe Jackson has long been regarded as one of the greatest hitters in the history of Major League Baseball with an average of .356 during his career with the Chicago White Sox .Yet Jackson will forever be remembered for his alleged participation in the fix of the 1919 World Series – in which the highly favored White Sox lost to the Cincinnati Reds – and subsequent lifetime ban from baseball by commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis.
Defense! Or you will Lose Your Fans! NFL and MLB Team’s Fan Relationship Management on Facebook • Dong Hoo Kim; Eun Sook Kwon; Young-A Song • The sports business is one of the largest industries in the world and its economic value continues to grow. Due to the important role of fans in the sports industry, building strong relationships with fans is vital for the industry, league, and team. A total of 37 official Facebook fan pages of NFL and MLB teams are investigated by employing Stafford and Canary’s relationship maintenance strategies (RMS).
Local or National?: An examination of fans’ perceptions of college football scandal coverage • Molly Yanity, Ohio University; Ashley Furrow, Ohio University • Two and a half years ago, we researchers surveyed college football fans to learn where they go for college sports scandal coverage and what factors they consider in making the decision to turn to local or national sources. Given the onslaught of college football scandals that have shaken the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its fans in the last two and a half years, we redistributed the survey.
