Journalism & Mass Communication Educator/Spanish
Volumen 68 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 68 Number 2 Summer 2013)
(English Version & Spanish Translation)
Research Articles
artículos de Investigación
The Mass Comm Type: Student Personality Traits, Motivations, and the Choice between News and Strategic Communication Majors
Elizabeth Crisp Crawford, Julie Fudge, Glenn T. Hubbard, and Vincent F. Filak
Abstract
A study of news media and strategic communication majors (n = 273) revealed differences in regard to personality indices and impetuses for selecting to pursue degrees. Showing overall agreement in the importance of openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, strategic communication students were significantly higher in their ratings of agreeableness. News media students were significantly higher in their ratings of openness. In addition, news media students stated a significantly higher rating of the importance of altruistic purposes. Strategic communication students placed higher emphasis on financial gain. Implications for pedagogy and the profession are discussed.
La misa Tipo Comm: Los rasgos de personalidad, las motivaciones estudiantiles, y la elección entre Noticias y Majors comunicación estratégica
Elizabeth Crisp Crawford, Julie Fudge, Glenn T. Hubbard, and Vincent F. Filak
Abstract Traducción español
Un estudio de los medios de comunicación y los comandantes de comunicación estratégica (n = 273) mostró diferencias en cuanto a los índices de personalidad y ímpetus de selección para cursar estudios de licenciatura. Mostrando acuerdo general en la importancia de la apertura, amabilidad y escrupulosidad, los estudiantes de comunicación estratégica fueron significativamente mayores en sus calificaciones de amabilidad. Noticias de los estudiantes medios fueron significativamente mayores en las calificaciones de la apertura. Además, los estudiantes de los medios de comunicación indicaron un índice significativamente mayor de la importancia de los propósitos altruistas. Estudiantes de comunicación estratégica colocan mayor énfasis en la ganancia financiera. Se discuten las implicaciones para la pedagogía y de la profesión.
The State of PR Graduate Curriculum as We Know It: A Longitudinal Analysis
Rowena L. Briones and Elizabeth L. Toth
Abstract
This longitudinal content analysis study uses the Commission on Public Relations Education’s 2006 report as a benchmark to determine whether master’s education in public relations has evolved over the past decade. Findings show a lack of uniformity across the 75 programs studied. In addition, there is a lack of adherence to the Commission on Public Relations Education’s recommended content areas. The authors theorize that the variety of academic homes and titles partly explains the lack of uniformity. But also graduate public relations curricula may lack standardization because of different models.
El Estado de PR Curriculum Licenciado como lo conocemos: Un análisis longitudinal
Rowena L. Briones and Elizabeth L. Toth
Abstract Traducción español
Este estudio longitudinal de análisis de contenido utiliza la Comisión en el informe de las relaciones de Educación Pública 2006 como punto de referencia para determinar si la educación de maestría en relaciones públicas ha evolucionado en la última década. Los resultados muestran una falta de uniformidad entre los 75 programas estudiados. Además, hay una falta de adherencia a la Comisión de las áreas de contenido recomendadas Relaciones de Educación Pública. Los autores especulan que la variedad de viviendas y títulos académicos explica en parte la falta de uniformidad. Pero también los programas de relaciones públicas de posgrado puede carecer de normalización debido a los diferentes modelos.
The Math Problem: Advertising Students’ Attitudes toward Statistics
Jami A. Fullerton and Alice Kendrick
Abstract
This study used the Students’ Attitudes toward Statistics Scale (STATS) to measure attitude toward statistics among a national sample of advertising students. A factor analysis revealed four underlying factors make up the attitude toward statistics construct—Interest & Future Applicability, Confidence, Statistical Tools, and Initiative. Advertising students’ attitudes toward statistics were shown to be more positive than negative. Students in this study were most positive about the use of Statistical Tools and displayed attitudes well above neutral on Interest & Future Applicability and Initiative. Confidence received the lowest evaluation. Advertising students who were drawn to the major because of its creative aspects had significantly weaker attitudes toward statistics than did those who came to study advertising because of the business aspects. Strategies for improving negative attitudes toward statistics in advertising courses are discussed.
El Problema de matemáticas: Actitudes de publicidad “a los estudiantes hacia Estadísticas
Jami A. Fullerton and Alice Kendrick
Abstract Traducción español
Este estudio utilizó Actitudes los estudiantes hacia Estadísticas Scale (ESTADÍSTICAS) para medir la actitud hacia las estadísticas en una muestra nacional de estudiantes de publicidad. Un análisis factorial reveló cuatro factores subyacentes constituyen la actitud hacia las estadísticas constructo-Interés y aplicabilidad futuro, de confianza, herramientas estadísticas, y la iniciativa. Las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia Publicidad estadísticas mostraron ser más positivo que negativo. Los estudiantes en este estudio fueron más positivos sobre el uso de herramientas estadísticas y actitudes mostradas por encima neutrales sobre el interés y aplicabilidad futura e Iniciativa. Confianza recibió la evaluación más bajo. Publicidad estudiantes que fueron atraídos a la gran causa de sus aspectos creativos tenían actitudes significativamente más débiles hacia las estadísticas que aquellos que vinieron a estudiar publicidad, debido a los aspectos del negocio. Se discuten las estrategias para la mejora de las actitudes negativas hacia la estadística en cursos de publicidad.
Missing Citations, Bulking Biographies, and Unethical Collaboration: Types of Cheating among Public Relations Majors
Giselle A. Auger
Abstract
Students cheat. For the field of public relations, which continually struggles for credibility, the issue of student cheating should be paramount, as the unethical students of today become tomorrow’s practitioners. Through a survey of 170 public relations majors, this study examined the importance students place on the Public Relations Society of America Code of Ethics, the extent to which they cheat, and the types of cheating behaviors in which they participate. Results of the study indicated cause for concern as close to 80 percent of students admitted to cheating. Moreover, the extent to which students cheated was significantly related to the number of their friends and close acquaintances whom they perceived as engaging in such behaviors.
Las citas que faltan, Biografías de carga, y la colaboración ético: Tipos de engaño entre Majors Relaciones Públicas
Giselle A. Auger
Abstract Traducción español
Los estudiantes hacen trampa. Para el campo de las relaciones públicas, que las luchas continuamente la credibilidad, el problema de hacer trampa estudiante debe ser de suma importancia, ya que los estudiantes no éticas de hoy se convierten en practicantes de mañana. A través de una encuesta a 170 empresas principales de relaciones públicas, este estudio examinó la importancia estudiantes lugar en la Sociedad de Relaciones Públicas del Código de Ética de los Estados Unidos, en la medida en que hacen trampa, y los tipos de comportamientos de engaño en las que participan. Los resultados del estudio indicaron motivo de preocupación, ya que cerca del 80 por ciento de los estudiantes admitidos en el engaño. Por otra parte, en la medida en que los estudiantes engañados fue significativamente relacionada con el número de sus amigos y conocidos cercanos que ellos perciben como la participación en este tipo de conductas.
PR Students’ Perceptions and Readiness for Using Search Engine Optimization
Mia Moody and Elizabeth Bates
Abstract
Enough evidence is available to support the idea that public relations professionals must possess search engine optimization (SEO) skills to assist clients in a full-service capacity; however, little research exists on how much college students know about the tactic and best practices for incorporating SEO into course curriculum. Furthermore, much of the literature on the topic is in trade publications and blogs rather than scholarly journals. To fill this void, this study has two primary objectives. First, it seeks to shed light on definitions, trends, and current practices relating to the use of SEO in public relations. Second, the study seeks to learn how much students know about SEO and where they acquired their knowledge. Educators can incorporate this information into curricula to help students remain current with the profession. Study findings are informative not only for PR professors who are considering adding SEO elements to courses but also for PR professionals who want to learn more about the topic.
Percepciones y Preparación para el uso de Search Engine Optimization PR estudiantes
Mia Moody and Elizabeth Bates
Abstract Traducción español
Suficiente evidencia disponible para apoyar la idea de que los profesionales de las relaciones públicas deben poseer la optimización de motores de búsqueda (SEO) habilidades para ayudar a los clientes a título de servicio completo, sin embargo, existe poca investigación sobre la cantidad de estudiantes universitarios saber sobre la táctica y las mejores prácticas para la incorporación de SEO en el programa del curso. Además, gran parte de la literatura sobre el tema se encuentra en publicaciones comerciales y blogs en lugar de revistas académicas. Para llenar este vacío, este estudio tiene dos objetivos principales. En primer lugar, trata de arrojar luz sobre las definiciones, tendencias y prácticas actuales en relación con el uso de SEO en las relaciones públicas. En segundo lugar, el estudio trata de saber cuánto saben los estudiantes sobre SEO y donde adquirieron sus conocimientos. Los educadores pueden incorporar esta información en los programas para ayudar a los estudiantes mantengan al día con la profesión. Los resultados del estudio son de carácter informativo no sólo para los profesores de relaciones públicas que están considerando la adición de elementos de SEO para los cursos, sino también para los profesionales de relaciones públicas que quieran aprender más sobre el tema.
Journalism & Mass Communication Educator/Spanish
Volumen 68 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 68 Number 1 Spring 2013)
(English Version & Spanish Translation)
Research Articles
artículos de Investigación
Developing a News Media Literacy Scale
Seth Ashley, Adam Maksl, and Stephanie Craft
Abstract
Using a framework previously applied to other areas of media literacy, this study developed and assessed a measurement scale focused specifically on critical news media literacy. Our scale appears to successfully measure news media literacy as we have conceptualized it based on previous research, demonstrated through assessments of content, construct, and predictive validity. Among our college student sample, a separate media system knowledge index also was a significant predictor of knowledge about topics in the news, which suggests the need for a broader framework. Implications for future work in defining and assessing news media literacy are discussed.
El desarrollo de un News Media Escala de Alfabetización
Seth Ashley, Adam Maksl, and Stephanie Craft
Abstract Traducción español
El uso de un marco previamente aplicado a otras áreas de la alfabetización mediática, este estudio desarrollado y evaluado una escala de medición se centró específicamente en crítico noticias alfabetización mediática. Nuestra escala parece medir satisfactoriamente noticias alfabetización mediática como hemos conceptualizado sobre la base de investigaciones previas, demostrado a través de evaluaciones de contenido, constructo y validez predictiva. Entre nuestra muestra de estudiantes universitarios, un índice de conocimiento del sistema de medios independiente, también fue un predictor significativo de conocimientos sobre temas de actualidad, lo que sugiere la necesidad de un marco más amplio. Se discuten las implicaciones para el futuro trabajo en la definición y evaluación de la alfabetización mediática de noticias.
Making Ends (and Bytes) Meet
The Challenges of Teaching Multimedia at an Urban, Underfunded University (3-U)
Moses Shumow and Michael Scott Sheerin
Abstract
In a time of dynamic changes in mass communication and the restructuring of communication programs, and in the face of shrinking education budgets, educators are being pushed to update their programs to include a new emphasis on multimedia production while sustaining traditional modes of mass communication. Through surveys (N = 121) and focus groups (N = 40) with students, this research explores how to update pedagogy to keep pace with the changes in industry. It is built around the experience of launching a multimedia class required for all students enrolled in a journalism and mass communication school at a large, urban, state-funded university.
Finaliza decisiones (y Bytes) Conocer
Los Desafíos de la Enseñanza Multimedia en una zona urbana, con financiación insuficiente Universidad (3-U)
Moses Shumow and Michael Scott Sheerin
Abstract Traducción español
En una época de cambios dinámicos en la comunicación de masas y la reestructuración de los programas de comunicación y ante la reducción de los presupuestos de educación, los educadores están siendo empujados a actualizar sus programas para incluir un nuevo énfasis en la producción multimedia, mientras que mantener las formas tradicionales de comunicación de masas. A través de encuestas (N = 121) y grupos focales (N = 40) con los estudiantes, esta investigación explora cómo actualizar la pedagogía para mantener el ritmo de los cambios en la industria. Está construido alrededor de la experiencia de poner en marcha una clase multimedia necesario para todos los estudiantes inscritos en una escuela de periodismo y comunicación de masas en una universidad urbana grande, financiado por el estado.
Advertising Ethics: Student Attitudes and Behavioral Intent
Jami A. Fullerton, Alice Kendrick, and Lori Melton McKinnon
Abstract
A national survey of 1,045 advertising students measured opinions about the ethical nature of advertising and ethical dilemmas in the advertising business. More than nine out of ten students agreed that working for a company with high ethical standards was important. Students rated all twelve workplace dilemmas presented as somewhat unethical. For ten of the twelve scenarios, student attitude toward the ethicality of the described action and behavioral intent were inconsistent. Implications for advertising educators and for professionals are discussed.
Ética Publicitaria: Actitudes de los estudiantes y la intención conductual
Jami A. Fullerton, Alice Kendrick, and Lori Melton McKinnon
Abstract Traducción español
Una encuesta nacional de 1.045 alumnos de Publicidad mide opiniones sobre el carácter ético de la publicidad y los dilemas éticos en el negocio de la publicidad. Más de nueve de cada diez estudiantes de acuerdo en que trabajar para una empresa con altos estándares éticos era importante. Los estudiantes calificaron los doce dilemas laborales que se presentan como algo inmoral. Para diez de los doce escenarios, la actitud del estudiante hacia la eticidad de la acción descrita y la intención de comportamiento eran incompatibles. Se discuten las implicaciones para los educadores de la publicidad y de los profesionales.
Scholastic Journalism Teacher Use of Digital Devices and Social Networking Tools in a Poor, Largely Rural State
Bruce L. Plopper and Anne Fleming Conaway
Abstract
Research showing adolescents’ ever-increasing use of digital devices, combined with calls from governmental officials to incorporate more technology into classroom activities, prompted this survey of Arkansas scholastic journalism advisers. The goal was to determine how they used digital communication devices in their teaching. Results showed lack of funding, lack of teacher experience, and lack of administrative permission suppressed use of several devices, while student-owned devices were used for a variety of journalism-related purposes.
Periodismo Escolar Profesor uso de dispositivos digitales y herramientas de redes sociales en un pobre estado mayormente rural
Bruce L. Plopper and Anne Fleming Conaway
Abstract Traducción español
La investigación muestra el uso cada vez mayor los adolescentes de dispositivos digitales, junto con las llamadas de los funcionarios gubernamentales para incorporar más tecnología en las actividades del aula, impulsó esta encuesta de Arkansas escolares asesores de periodismo. El objetivo fue determinar cómo se utilizan dispositivos de comunicación digitales en su enseñanza. Los resultados mostraron la falta de financiación, la falta de experiencia de los maestros y la falta de autorización administrativa suprimido el uso de varios dispositivos, mientras que los dispositivos de propiedad del estudiante se utilizan para una variedad de propósitos relacionados con el periodismo.
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly/Spanish
Volumen 90 Número 2 Verano 2013 (Volume 90 Number 2 Summer 2013)
(English Version & Spanish Translation)
Theory, Law, and Social Media
Teoría, Derecho y Social Media
Predicting Dissemination of News Content in Social Media: A Focus on Reception, Friending, and Partisanship
Brian E. Weeks and R. Lance Holbert
Abstract
Social media are an emerging news source, but questions remain regarding how citizens engage news content in this environment. This study focuses on social media news reception and friending a journalist/news organization as predictors of social media news dissemination. Secondary analysis of 2010 Pew data (N = 1,264) reveals reception and friending to be positive predictors of dissemination, and a reception-by-friending interaction is also evident. Partisanship moderates these relationships such that reception is a stronger predictor of dissemination among partisans, while the friending-dissemination link is evident for nonpartisans only. These results provide novel insights into citizens’ social media news experiences.
Predecir Difusión de noticias contenido en Social Media: Un enfoque en Recepción, Friending y partidismo
Brian E. Weeks and R. Lance Holbert
Abstract Traducción español
Los medios sociales son una fuente de noticias que salen, pero quedan preguntas sobre cómo los ciudadanos participan contenido de las noticias en este entorno. Este estudio se centra en la recepción de los medios de comunicación social y friending una organización periodista / noticia como predictores de los medios de comunicación la difusión de noticias sociales. El análisis secundario de los datos de 2010 de Pew (N = 1264) revela recepción y friending ser predictores positivos de la difusión y la interacción recepción por friending es también evidente. Moderados Partidismo estas relaciones tales que la recepción es un predictor más fuerte de difusión entre los partidarios, mientras que el enlace friending-difusión es evidente sólo nonpartisans. Estos resultados proporcionan nuevos conocimientos sobre experiencias de comunicación de redes sociales de los ciudadanos.
When Retweets Attack: Are Twitter Users Liable for Republishing the Defamatory Tweets of Others?
Daxton R. “Chip” Stewart
Abstract
Under the republication doctrine, repeating false and defamatory statements has traditionally triggered liability for the repeater. However, some confusion has emerged regarding retweeting posts of others on Twitter, the popular microblog site. Does retweeting the defamatory statement of another open the retweeter to liability? This article examines exceptions to the republication doctrine, such as the single publication rule, the wire service defense, and the Communications Decency Act (CDA) to answer this question. A review of court opinions leads to the conclusion that Section 230 of the CDA provides a powerful shield for users of interactive computer services such as Twitter.
Cuando atacan Retweets: Son responsables de los usuarios de Twitter a publicar los Tweets difamatorias de los otros?
Daxton R. “Chip” Stewart
Abstract Traducción español
Bajo la doctrina republicación, repitiendo declaraciones falsas y difamatorias ha provocado tradicionalmente responsabilidad por el repetidor. Sin embargo, ha surgido cierta confusión respecto Retweeting mensajes de otras personas en Twitter, el popular sitio de microblog. ¿Tiene retweeting la declaración difamatoria de otro abierto el retweet a la responsabilidad? Este artículo examina las excepciones a la doctrina republicación, tales como la regla de publicación única, el defensa servicio de cable, y la Ley de Decencia en las Comunicaciones (CDA) para responder a esta pregunta. Una revisión de los dictámenes judiciales lleva a la conclusión de que el artículo 230 de la CDA ofrece un poderoso escudo para los usuarios de servicios informáticos interactivos tales como Twitter.
Journalism: Professional and Legal Questions
Periodismo: Preguntas Profesionales y Legal
What Does It Take for Women Journalists to Gain Professional Recognition?: Gender Disparities among Pulitzer Prize Winners, 1917-2010
Yong Z. Volz and Francis L. F. Lee
Abstract
This article compares the characteristics of 814 female and male Pulitzer Prize winners from 1917 to 2010. Borrowing the “compensation model” from political science, this study shows that female winners were more likely to have a metropolitan upbringing, a journalism major, and a graduate degree. These differences manifest the logic of compensation: some forms of social capital can be important for female journalists to overcome gender disadvantage in competing for recognition. The compensational model, however, is historically contingent. In more recent years, women journalists no longer needed the compensational capital to boost their chances.
¿Qué se necesita para las Mujeres Periodistas de obtener el reconocimiento profesional?: Las disparidades de género entre los ganadores del Premio Pulitzer, 1917-2010
Yong Z. Volz and Francis L. F. Lee
Abstract Traducción español
Este artículo compara las características de los 814 ganadores del Premio Pulitzer mujeres y hombres 1917-2010. Tomando prestado el “modelo de compensación” de la ciencia política, este estudio muestra que las mujeres ganadoras fueron más propensos a tener una educación metropolitana, en periodismo, y un título de posgrado. Estas diferencias ponen de manifiesto la lógica de la compensación: algunas formas de capital social puede ser importante para las mujeres periodistas para superar las desventajas de género en la competencia por el reconocimiento. El modelo compensatoria, sin embargo, es históricamente contingente. En los últimos años, las mujeres periodistas ya no necesitan la capital compensatoria para aumentar sus posibilidades.
Journalism’s “Crazy Old Aunt”: Helen Thomas and Paradigm Repair
Elizabeth Blanks Hindman and Ryan J. Thomas
Abstract
Veteran White House correspondent Helen Thomas abruptly retired in summer 2010 after she gave unscripted remarks widely perceived to be anti-Semitic. This case study applies paradigm repair and attribution theories to explore how mainstream journalists repaired the damage to their profession’s reputation. It concludes that they (1) situated Thomas’s remark against a backdrop of journalistic excellence, subtly reinforcing the point that her career should now come to an end; (2) suggested Thomas’s remarks were caused by senility; (3) condemned her remarks as racist; and (4) raised the norm of objectivity.
“La tía vieja loca” de Periodismo: Helen Thomas y Paradigm Reparación
Elizabeth Blanks Hindman and Ryan J. Thomas
Abstract Traducción español
Veterano corresponsal de la Casa Blanca Helen Thomas se retiró abruptamente en el verano de 2010 después de dar declaraciones improvisadas ampliamente percibidos como antisemita. Este estudio de caso se aplica la reparación y la atribución teorías paradigma para explorar cómo los periodistas tradicionales reparar el daño a la reputación de su profesión. Llega a la conclusión de que (1) situados comentario de Thomas en un marco de excelencia periodística, sutilmente refuerza el punto de que su carrera ahora debe llegar a su fin, (2) Observaciones sugerido por Thomas fueron causadas por la senilidad, (3) condenó sus comentarios como racistas y (4) planteó la norma de objetividad.
Come One, Come All into the Newsroom? Student Publications after Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
Andrew D. Pritchard
Abstract
The Supreme Court’s ruling in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez allows a public university to institute a “take-all-comers” nondiscrimination policy for student organizations. In doing do, the Court adds new perils and expands existing hazards for student publications. First, the Christian Legal Society majority overlooks the possibility that safeguards for the rights of student organizations generally may not adequately protect the unique interests of student publications. In addition, the ruling creates a misleading impression of the degree of deference courts owe the pedagogical judgments of public university administrators.
Venga uno, vengan todos en la sala de prensa? Publicaciones estudiantiles después de que Christian Legal Society v Martinez
Andrew D. Pritchard
Abstract Traducción español
El fallo de la Corte Suprema en el caso cristiano Legal Society v Martinez permite a una universidad pública de instituir un “take-all-llegados” política de no discriminación de las organizaciones estudiantiles. De este hacer, el Tribunal añade nuevos peligros y amplía los riesgos existentes para las publicaciones estudiantiles. En primer lugar, la mayoría de la Sociedad Legal Cristiana vistas a la posibilidad de que las salvaguardias para los derechos de las organizaciones de estudiantes por lo general no pueden proteger adecuadamente los intereses particulares de las publicaciones estudiantiles. Además, el fallo crea una falsa impresión sobre el grado de deferencia tribunales debemos los juicios pedagógicos de los administradores de las universidades públicas.
International and Intercultural Processes and Effects
Procesosy efectosInternacionales e Interculturales
Soap Operas as a Matchmaker: A Cultivation Analysis of the Effects of South Korean TV Dramas on Vietnamese Women’s Marital Intentions
Hong Tien Vu and Tien-Tsung Lee
Abstract
This cultivation study examined the effects of South Korean soap operas on Vietnamese female audiences. It also assessed cultivation effects in combination with the theory of reasoned action. Based on a survey of 439 female viewers, it explicated the link between South Korean soap opera consumption and the emergent phenomenon of transnational marriages involving Vietnamese women and South Korean men. Cultivation effects were confirmed in an international setting. Results also have important real-world implications.
Telenovelas como Matchmaker: Un análisis de cultivo de los efectos de la televisión de Corea del Sur Dramas de la Mujer vietnamita Intenciones civil
Hong Tien Vu and Tien-Tsung Lee
Abstract Traducción español
Este estudio examinó los efectos de cultivo de Corea del Sur, las telenovelas en las audiencias femeninas vietnamitas. También evaluó los efectos de cultivo en combinación con la teoría de la acción razonada. Basado en una encuesta de 439 espectadoras, es explicada la relación entre Corea del Sur, el consumo de jabón ópera y el fenómeno emergente de los matrimonios transnacionales que involucran a mujeres vietnamitas y los hombres de Corea del Sur. Efectos de cultivo fueron confirmados en un entorno internacional. Los resultados también tienen importantes implicaciones en el mundo real.
Challenges and Dangers of Reporting in a Tumultuous Border Region: How Journalists at the El Paso Times Deal with the Violence in Neighboring Ciudad Juarez
Cathleen Carter and Kris Kodrich
Abstract
Journalists at the El Paso Times routinely cover violence in neighboring Ciudad Juarez, where thousands of men, women, and children have been murdered in recent years. Utilizing border theory and research involving journalists and trauma, this qualitative newsroom study examines how journalists at the El Paso Times are dramatically affected by their daily exposure to the unrelenting violence in this border region. The study recommends that newsroom management provide journalists with the necessary resources and support that will help them cope.
Retos y peligros de informes en una región fronteriza Tumultuous: Cómo los periodistas del Times oferta El Paso con la violencia en la vecina Ciudad Juárez
Cathleen Carter and Kris Kodrich
Abstract Traducción español
Periodistas en El Paso Times cubren sistemáticamente actos de violencia en la vecina Ciudad Juárez, donde miles de hombres, mujeres y niños han sido asesinados en los últimos años. Utilizando la teoría de las fronteras y la investigación con periodistas y traumas, este estudio cualitativo redacción examina cómo los periodistas en El Paso Times están dramáticamente afectados por su exposición diaria a la violencia incesante en esta región fronteriza. El estudio recomienda que la gestión redacción proporcionar a los periodistas con los recursos y el apoyo que les ayude a hacer frente necesarias.
News Stereotypes, Time, and Fading Priming Effects
Florian Arendt
Abstract
Although there is evidence that the media priming effect fades with time, we lack empirical evidence from experimental designs. We investigated the media priming effect of reading crime tabloid articles that overrepresented foreigners as criminals on a subsequent real-world reality judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of criminal foreigners). We utilized a factorial experimental design (N = 465) with the between-subjects factors treatment and temporal delay of the postmeasurement. We found that the media priming effect followed an exponential decay function and that vigilance (i.e., the tendency to intensify the intake and processing of threat-relevant information) moderated the decay.
Noticias estereotipos, Tiempo, y efectos de priming Fading
Florian Arendt
Abstract Traducción español
Aunque no existe evidencia de que los medios de cebado efecto se desvanece con el tiempo, carecen de la evidencia empírica de los diseños experimentales. Se investigó el efecto priming medios de lectura de artículos sensacionalistas crimen que sobrerrepresentados extranjeros como delincuentes en una sentencia posterior de la realidad del mundo real (es decir, la frecuencia estimada de los extranjeros criminales). Hemos utilizado un diseño experimental factorial (N = 465), con la inter-sujetos factores de tratamiento y retraso temporal de la postmeasurement. Se encontró que el efecto de preparación de medios siguió una función de decaimiento exponencial y que la vigilancia (es decir, la tendencia a intensificar la toma y procesamiento de información de amenazas relevantes) moderó el deterioro.
Public Relations
relaciones públicas
Developing a Valid and Reliable Measure of Organizational Crisis Responsibility
Kenon A. Brown and Eyun-Jung Ki
Abstract
This study intended to develop a reliable and valid measure of organizational crisis responsibility that could be uniquely applied to public relations research. The three-dimensional measure was constructed using rigorous two-step pilot tests and a nationwide panel full administration survey. The constructed measures were further refined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and resulted in a twelve-item scale, consisting of three items for intentionality, three items for locality, and six items for accountability. The confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesized factor structure and confirmed that the dimensions of the scale had reliable and valid factor structure.
El desarrollo de una medida válida y fiable de Responsabilidad Crisis Organizacional
Kenon A. Brown and Eyun-Jung Ki
Abstract Traducción español
Este estudio pretende desarrollar una medida fiable y válida de la responsabilidad crisis organizativa que se podría aplicar únicamente a la investigación de relaciones públicas. La medida en tres dimensiones fue construido usando pruebas piloto de dos pasos rigurosos y un estudio completo panel de administración en todo el país. Las medidas construidos se perfeccionaron aún más mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y dio lugar a una escala de doce ítems, que consta de tres elementos de intencionalidad, tres artículos de la localidad, y seis artículos sobre la responsabilidad. El análisis factorial confirmatorio se utilizó para probar la hipótesis de la estructura factorial y confirmó que las dimensiones de la escala tenían estructura factorial fiable y válida.
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly/Spanish
Volumen 90 Número 1 Primavera 2013 (Volume 90 Number 1 Spring 2013)
(English Version & Spanish Translation)
Politics and Partisan Media
Política y medios partidistas
Partisan Journalism and the Rise of the Republican Party in South Carolina, 1959–1962
Sid Bedingfield
Abstract
When political journalist William D. Workman, Jr., resigned from Charleston’s News and Courier and announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in 1962, he said it would be “unethical” to combine “objective reporting with partisan politics.” Yet Workman’s personal papers reveal that, for three years, he and editor Thomas R. Waring, Jr., had been working with Republican leaders to build a conservative party to challenge Deep South Democrats. Workman’s story provides an example of how partisan activism survived in the twentieth-century American press, despite the rise of professional standards prohibiting political engagement.
Periodismo Partisan y el surgimiento del Partido Republicano en Carolina del Sur, 1959-1962
Sid Bedingfield
Abstract Traducción español
Cuando el periodista político William D. Workman, Jr., renunció a Noticias y Courier de Charleston y anunció sus planes de postularse para el Senado de EE.UU. en 1962, dijo que sería “poco ético” combinar “información objetiva con la política partidista.” Sin embargo, Workman de personal documentos revelan que, durante tres años, él y editor Thomas R. Waring, Jr., había estado trabajando con los líderes republicanos para construir un partido conservador para desafiar los demócratas del Sur Profundo. La historia de Workman es un ejemplo de cómo el activismo partidista sobrevivió en la prensa norteamericana del siglo XX, a pesar del aumento de los niveles profesionales que prohíben la participación política.
A Functional Analysis Comparison of Web-Only Advertisements and Traditional Television Advertisements from the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Campaigns
Chris Roberts
Abstract
This article uses the functional theory of campaign discourse to determine whether differences exist in the purpose and content of 75 web-only video ads and 742 television ads created by candidates and national parties during the 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns. Web-only ads were more likely to include attack themes than TV ads, and TV ads were more likely to include acclaim themes than web-only ads. Ads differed little in their use of news-mediated evidence to bolster ad claims.
Una comparación Análisis funcional de la Web sólo y anuncios tradicionales de televisión anuncios de las campañas presidenciales de 2004 y 2008
Chris Roberts
Abstract Traducción español
Este artículo utiliza la teoría funcional del discurso campaña para determinar si existen diferencias en el propósito y el contenido de 75-sólo web anuncios de vídeo y 742 anuncios de televisión creados por los candidatos y los partidos nacionales en las campañas presidenciales de 2004 y 2008. De sólo Web anuncios eran más propensos a incluir los temas de ataque que los anuncios de televisión y anuncios de televisión eran más propensos a incluir temas aclamación que sólo por Internet anuncios. Anuncios difieren poco en su uso de la evidencia noticias mediada para reforzar las reivindicaciones ad.
Motivated Misperception? Party, Education, Partisan News, and Belief in “Death Panels”
Patrick C. Meirick
Abstract
This study drew on the literature in motivated reasoning and 2009 Pew survey data to examine the roles of partisanship, education, news exposure, and their interactions in the misperception that health care reform would create “death panels.” Radio news exposure encouraged the misperception only among Republicans, while newspaper exposure discouraged it, especially among non-Republicans. But rather than polarize perceptions along partisan lines as predicted, Fox News exposure contributed to misperception mainstreaming. Finally, this study identified a complex role for education in both inhibiting misperceptions (as a main effect) and promoting them (as an interaction with Fox News exposure).
Malentendido motivado? Partido, Educación, Noticias Partisan, y la creencia en “paneles de la muerte”
Patrick C. Meirick
Abstract Traducción español
Este estudio se basó en la literatura en el razonamiento motivado y 2009 datos de la encuesta Pew para examinar el papel de partidismo, la educación, la exposición a las noticias y sus interacciones en la percepción errónea de que la reforma de salud podría crear “paneles de la muerte.” Exposición de noticias Radio alentó a la percepción errónea sólo entre los republicanos, mientras que la exposición periódico desalentado, sobre todo entre los no republicanos. Pero en lugar de polarizar las percepciones a lo largo de líneas partidistas como se predijo, la exposición Fox News contribuyó a la incorporación percepción errónea. Por último, este estudio identificó un complejo papel de la educación en ambas percepciones erróneas inhibidoras (como efecto principal) y la promoción de las mismas (como una interacción con la exposición a Fox News).
He Wrote, She Wrote: Journalist Gender, Political Office, and Campaign News
Lindsey Meeks
Abstract
This study examines the intersection of journalist gender and campaign news coverage across legislative and executive political offices in a gender-prominent context: mixed-gender elections—those with at least one woman and one man. Based on a content analysis of U.S. newspaper coverage, this study focuses on “masculinized” and “feminized” political issues and character traits, and explicit references that highlight a candidate’s novelty. Results revealed no direct relationship between journalist gender and news coverage; however, when type of office was considered, there were significant shifts and differences in the focus of coverage by female and male journalists.
Él escribió, She Wrote: Periodista de Género, Oficina Política y Noticias Política
Lindsey Meeks
Abstract Traducción español
Este estudio examina la intersección del género periodista y cobertura de noticias de la campaña a través de las oficinas políticas legislativas y ejecutivas en un contexto importante de género: las elecciones-los mixtos con al menos una mujer y un hombre. En base a un análisis de contenido de la cobertura de prensa EE.UU., este estudio se centra en “masculinizado” y “feminizadas” cuestiones políticas y rasgos de carácter, y las referencias explícitas que destacar la novedad de un candidato. Los resultados revelaron una relación directa entre el género periodista y la cobertura de noticias, sin embargo, cuando el tipo de la oficina era considerado, hubo cambios y las diferencias en el enfoque de la cobertura de periodistas mujeres y hombres importantes.
Identifying Antecedents of the Strategic Game Frame: A Longitudinal Analysis
Daniela V. Dimitrova and Petia Kostadinova
Abstract
Although election news framing is a burgeoning area of research, empirical studies of what factors influence frame building remain rare, especially in non-Western countries. This study investigates the use of the strategic game frame and the relationship between that frame and system-level and organizational-level factors. The analysis focuses on the coverage of campaign news in six elite Bulgarian newspapers between 1990 and 2009. Results show that the type of electoral system, number of parties in government, and newspaper specialization are significant predictors of game frame use. The results are discussed in relation to framing research in Western Europe and the United States.
Identificar Antecedentes del Marco Estratégico del juego: Un análisis longitudinal
Daniela V. Dimitrova and Petia Kostadinova
Abstract Traducción español
Aunque las elecciones encuadre noticia es un área floreciente de la investigación, los estudios empíricos de los factores que influyen en edificio de madera siguen siendo poco frecuentes, especialmente en los países no occidentales. Este estudio investiga el uso de la trama del juego estratégico y la relación entre el marco y el sistema de niveles y factores a nivel organizacional. El análisis se centra en la cobertura de noticias sobre las elecciones en seis periódicos búlgaros élite entre 1990 y 2009. Los resultados muestran que el tipo de sistema electoral, el número de partidos en el gobierno, y la especialización periódico son predictores significativos del uso del juego del marco. Los resultados se discuten en relación a la elaboración de la investigación en Europa occidental y los Estados Unidos.
Images and Stereotypes
Imágenes y estereotipos
The Immigrant Muslim American at the Boundary of Insider and Outsider: Representations of Faisal Shahzad as “Homegrown” Terrorist
Angie Chuang and Robin Chin Roemer
Abstract
Studies of Orientalized portrayals of Muslims have generally been distinct from studies on the Othering of immigrant Americans. This study employs concepts of insider/outsider status, applying theories of Orientalism and representations of the Other to newspaper coverage of the Muslim and Pakistani American perpetrator of the 2010 attempted Times Square bombing. Newspapers constructed a seemingly contradictory representation of Faisal Shahzad, as the apparent insider/American who becomes the alienated outsider/Other. This portrayal of the Orientalized insider establishes an emerging discourse on the “homegrown” terrorist who exists at the boundary of self and Other.
El estadounidense musulmana inmigrante en los límites de la empresa y Outsider: Las representaciones de Faisal Shahzad como “Homegrown” Terrorist
Angie Chuang and Robin Chin Roemer
Abstract Traducción español
Los estudios de representaciones orientalizada de los musulmanes en general han sido distintos de los estudios sobre la otredad de los inmigrantes estadounidenses. Este estudio emplea conceptos de estado interno / externo, la aplicación de las teorías del orientalismo y representaciones del Otro para la cobertura periodística del autor musulmán paquistaní estadounidense del bombardeo Square 2,010 intentos Times. Prensa construyen una representación aparentemente contradictoria de Faisal Shahzad, como la aparente insider / americano que se convierte en el outsider / Otros alienado. Esta interpretación de la información privilegiada orientalizada establece un discurso emergente sobre el terrorista “de cosecha propia” que existe en la frontera entre yo y el otro.
Writing the Wrong: Can Counter-Stereotypes Offset Negative Media Messages about African Americans?
Lanier Frush Holt
Abstract
Several studies show media messages activate or exacerbate racial stereotypes. This analysis, however, may be the first to examine which types of information—those that directly contradict media messages (i.e., crime-related) or general news (i.e., non-crime-related)—are most effective in abating stereotypes. Its findings suggest fear of crime is becoming more a human fear, not just a racial one. Furthermore, it suggests that for younger Americans, the concomitant dyad of the black criminal stereotype—race and crime—is fueled more by crime than by race.
Escribir el mal: Puede contrarrestar los estereotipos de desplazamiento negativo Medios Mensajes sobre los afroamericanos?
Lanier Frush Holt
Abstract Traducción español
Varios estudios muestran mensajes de los medios activan o exacerban los estereotipos raciales. Este análisis, sin embargo, puede ser el primero en examinar qué tipos de información en los que los mensajes multimedia directamente contradicen (es decir, los delitos relacionados) o noticias en general (es decir, no la delincuencia relacionada)-son más eficaces para disminuir los estereotipos. Sus hallazgos sugieren temor a la delincuencia es cada vez más un temor humano, no sólo racial uno. Además, se sugiere que para los estadounidenses más jóvenes, la díada concomitante del estereotipo de la carrera negro criminal y el crimen-es alimentada más por el crimen de la raza.
New News Technology
Nueva Tecnología
Mobile News Adoption among Young Adults: Examining the Roles of Perceptions, News Consumption, and Media Usage
Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, Hyejoon Rim, and Amy Zerba
Abstract
Using the frameworks of innovation diffusion and technology acceptance model, this study examines the predictors of mobile news consumption among young adults. The results show that the perceived relative advantage (especially content), utility, and ease of use of mobile news are positively related to its adoption. The young adults’ news consumption patterns and preferences, as well as media usage, all play a role in the adoption of mobile news. This study also validates the importance of examining the adoption outcome from multiple perspectives.
News Mobile adopción entre los adultos jóvenes: El examen de las funciones de percepción, Noticias de consumo y los medios de comunicación de uso
Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, Hyejoon Rim, and Amy Zerba
Abstract Traducción español
Uso de los marcos de difusión de la innovación y el modelo de aceptación de la tecnología, este estudio examina los factores predictivos de consumo móvil de noticias entre los adultos jóvenes. Los resultados muestran que la ventaja percibida relativa (sobre todo contenido), utilidad y facilidad de uso de la información por telefonía móvil se relacionan positivamente con su adopción. Los patrones de los jóvenes adultos de noticias y preferencias de consumo, así como de uso de los medios de comunicación, todos juegan un papel en la adopción de noticias móviles. Este estudio también confirma la importancia de examinar el resultado adopción desde múltiples perspectivas.
Nueva Tecnología
Ethics
Ética
The Root of Journalistic Plagiarism: Contested Attribution Beliefs
Norman P. Lewis and Bu Zhong
Abstract
Journalists condemn plagiarism, yet rarely acknowledge disagreements over attribution standards. To document and evaluate those differences, journalists in broadcasting and print operations were surveyed (N = 953). Respondents were far less willing to attribute press releases than they were their colleagues’ work. They were more likely to consider attribution optional if they were under pressure to produce, worked for a broadcast medium, were a content creator, were less experienced, or saw their principles as flexible. The findings reveal that attribution beliefs are far more pliant than ethics policies suggest and illuminate some of the reasons why plagiarism occurs.
La raíz del plagio periodística: Creencias Attribution impugnados
Norman P. Lewis and Bu Zhong
Abstract Traducción español
Periodistas condenan el plagio, pero rara vez se reconocen los desacuerdos sobre las normas de atribución. Para documentar y evaluar las diferencias, los periodistas de la radiodifusión y las operaciones de impresión fueron encuestados (N = 953). Los encuestados eran mucho menos dispuestos a atribuir notas de prensa de lo que eran el trabajo de sus colegas. Eran más propensos a considerar la atribución opcional si estaban bajo presión para producir, trabajaba para un medio de difusión, fueron un creador de contenido, eran menos experiencia, o vieron sus principios como flexible. Los resultados revelan que las creencias de atribución son mucho más flexibles que las políticas de ética sugieren e iluminan algunas de las razones por las que ocurre el plagio.
Tips from the AEJMC Teaching Committee
What are your TLOs for DC?
By Amy Falkner
Standing Committee on Teaching
S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications
Syracuse University
Twitter: amyfalkner
(Article courtesy of AEJMC News, July 2013 issue)
Learning is good. I don’t mean just for your students. I’m talking about you. The AEJMC Conference in Washington, DC, presents you that opportunity and I encourage you to take full advantage.
We all know how important it is to have clear student learning outcomes on our syllabi. My university’s Senate Committee on Curricula has put a big push on these in the last academic year. They’ve bounced back numerous new course proposals in an attempt to get faculty to make crystal clear on their syllabi what exactly students will know or be able to do as a result of a learning activity or course or program. Make these measurable, they say. Express the outcomes using action verbs as knowledge, skills or attitudes.
Ok, then. Let’s turn this on its head. What are your teacher learning outcomes (TLOs) for this conference? Strategize about this before you go. What is it that you want to learn? Incorporating diversity into your courses? Better use of social media? Best practices in developing an online course?
All of these topics will be profiled during the Conference. Seek out these opportunities and be ready to capitalize. Have your business card ready for the presenter and write down on the back of it, as an example, “pls send Twitter assignment.” My TLO is to collect five such skill-based assignments or exercises during the course of the conference. Action verb? Check. Measurable? Check. New knowledge? Check.
The Standing Committee on Teaching has put together a perfect slate of programming for you to start your pre-gaming. I’ll explain it below. But also know that the divisions and interest groups have plenty of teaching programming that is discipline-specific. Most of them also make it a point to bring in some industry professionals either for a special panel or a mixed panel with academics. I find these particular panels especially helpful to learn what’s the latest industry trend, skill needed or problem to solve. What you learn will help your students, and that should always be your goal.
So here is the line-up for the programming from the Standing Committee on Teaching. It’s a great place to start your conference to-do list.
Thursday, Aug. 8, 10 to 11:30 a.m. — “2013 Best Practices in Teaching with Tools and Technologies”
You could get your entire list of TLOs simply by attending this session. The call for entries specified a search for innovative ways tools and technologies were integrated into the learning environment, either as used by instructors in presenting materials or by students in learning new tools. The Committee has held this competition eight years in a row and this one was one of its most highly competitive. Nearly 30 entries were judged and three winners were selected, plus an honorable mention. Winning entries utilized geo-tagging, cloud-based research tools, Google Forms, YouTube, social media and more. Interested? Attendees receive a booklet with the winning entries, so that makes it super easy to accomplish your TLOs.
Friday, Aug. 9, 1:30 to 3 p.m. — “Doctors Are In” session
This will mark the seventh year of this popular session, where you are essentially speed dating, but for ideas: participants move from table to table, with each table responsible for a different topic that keeps teachers, new and experienced, up at night. Originally, the intent of this session was to reach those new to academe, but we’ve discovered over time that both newbies and long-time faculty wanted a safe place to ask questions, share concerns and gather new ideas.
This year’s topics are sure to provide a springboard for ideas for your classes with proven classroom management tips and suggestions on how to teach large lecture classes, in addition to the topics of social media, diversity and teaching online mentioned above. And for your own personal TLOs, there are sessions on creating a teaching portfolio for tenure and promotion and the secret to balancing research, teaching and service.
Saturday, Aug. 10, 3:30 to 5 p.m. — “Transforming Teaching Failures into Teaching Successes”
The Committee schedules a “faculty concerns” session each year, and utilizing the long teaching careers — and goofs — of several Committee members (yours truly included), we have a panel session on transforming those errors into a positive experience in the end for your students. This is the ultimate TLO. It’s also a little-discussed part of being a professor, but it happens. The key is to recognize something went wrong and how you can recover from it. We’ll also suggest some red flags that may indicate a classroom crisis is ahead. Being prepared is half the battle.
Saturday, Aug. 10, 5:15 to 6:45 p.m. — “Top Papers from Research on Teaching Paper Competition”
New this year, the Committee, in conjunction with Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, sponsored a special paper call for research related to teaching. We received so many papers we had to recruit extra judges. It’s a good problem to have! The top papers discuss three topics near and dear to all: strengthening basic writing skills, integrating team-based learning and the gaps between journalism and practice in the digital age. Talk about TLOs. You can’t miss with this session.
Hope to see you at these sessions and that you’ll be pleased with what you learned. Your students thank you in advance.
Journalism Educators Urge President Obama to Further Transparency in the Federal Government
July 4, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is committed to the public’s right to know through access to government records so that citizens have the information they need to properly self-govern.
In celebrating the 47th anniversary of President Lyndon Johnson’s signing of the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) on July 4, 1966, AEJMC applauds President Barack Obama’s 2009 pledge to hold his administration to a higher standard of openness and transparency. At the same time, it strongly urges President Obama to prioritize this freedom of information (FOI) pledge during the next four years.
As an organization of 3,600 journalism and mass communication educators and professionals in the United States and abroad, we care deeply about citizens’ ability to access government documents and other records without undue delay, cost or logistical process. Many of our members focus their teaching and research on FOI laws and government agency practice.
These AEJMC members report some improvements in their access to federal records, including some government agencies’ proactive release of information through websites and improved responsiveness.
However, more must be done to fulfill President Obama’s promise of a more open and transparent government. This becomes all the more compelling, given that the United States’ reputation as a global leader in transparency and in its citizens’ right to information has never been more openly questioned, especially after recent revelations about the U.S. government’s secret surveillance program.
The Obama administration must improve citizens’ access to data that are provided through online portals and must enhance the government’s capabilities to respond to online FOIA requests and tracking. Agency FOIA regulations and delivery procedures need updating. A White House-appointed committee should seek to end excessive reliance on state secrets privilege and record classification in the name of national security.
Further, AEJMC urges improvements to FOIA processes and procedures that would better position the Office of Government Information Services to serve citizens, including the authority to require agency release of records that would be similar to what progressive FOIA laws require in Mexico and other countries.
Ultimately, in a right-to-know age of global information, all levels of government must operate as transparently as possible to foster economic growth, civic engagement and trust in the institutions of a democratic society. President Obama can make significant strides during his second term, fulfilling his earlier promise to promote FOI efficiency and effectiveness in government through openness and transparency.
Journalism Educators Urge Wisconsin Lawmakers to Support — not Condemn — the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
June 19, 2013 | The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), which comprises more than 3,700 JMC students, professors and administrators in the U.S. and abroad, is dismayed at the Wisconsin’s Legislative Joint Finance Committee’s misguided attempt to ban the nonpartisan and nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism(WCIJ) from maintaining its office on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus.
Particularly egregious is the Wisconsin legislative committee’s further attempt to prohibit journalism faculty members at UW-Madison from working with the WCIJ, which illustrates an exemplary case of academic-professional collaboration, and which should be a model for other journalism programs nationally and internationally. Such an ill-considered attempt is a clear violation of academic freedom, which is required to safeguard open inquiry and the creation of knowledge. We need more investigative reporting than ever in an age of ever-shrinking independent journalism due to financial constraints facing the news media as a whole.
Democracy is harmed when the state interferes with the communication of knowledge that informs public opinions. As journalism educators, we are unwaveringly committed to instilling in our students a critical appreciation for a free and independent press and for the crucial role of the news media in monitoring, on behalf of the public, the conduct of government officials. To preserve self-government, we must ensure citizens’ access to knowledge. More access to information, not less.
The Wisconsin’s Legislative Joint Finance Committee’s politically motivated motion to undermine the educational and non-educational value of the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism is fundamentally antithetical to the role of journalism in our democracy as well as its professional education in the United States. We strongly urge the Wisconsin state legislators to reconsider the motion immediately.
Communication Theory and Methodology 2013 Abstracts
Agenda-setting in the beginning of the 1979 oil crisis: compelling arguments and public concern • Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu; Magdalena Saldaña, The University of Texas at Austin; Maxwell McCombs • Following the “compelling arguments” hypothesis, this study examines both first and second-level agenda-setting effects in the context of the 1979 oil crisis. Our results show the role of oil pricing, national oil market and nuclear energy as compelling arguments. Besides, our research suggests that arguments are not compelling per se: depending on who uses it, the same argument can be compelling or not. Members of Congress were the most credible sources.
It’s Who You Don’t Know: How Exposure to Online Social Influence on YouTube Affects Political Evaluations and Behavior • Matthew Barnidge, University of Wisconsin-Madison; ByungGu Lee, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; D. Jasun Carr, Susquehanna University • The Internet exposes us to new and different forms of social influence. While many claims have been made about the “effects” of the Internet on politics and society, one of the most intuitively sensible claims about the Internet is this: The Internet exposes people to more indicators of what other people think. This study presents an experimental investigation into the effects of relatively impersonal indicators of social opinion on YouTube. Drawing from SIDE (Social Identity Depersonalization Effects) theory, as well as theories of information processing and evaluation, we examine the balance of user comments on YouTube and their influence on the persuasive effects of an online news story about a political scandal. Results reveals that exposure to social indicators that are incongruent with the original message can abate the persuasive effects of that message on political evaluations and behavior.
Emotion-provoking personalization of news: Informing citizens and closing the knowledge gap? • Ozen Bas, Indiana University; Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Indiana University • News that personalizes issues and elicits emotion are often dismissed as serious information. This experiment investigated the merits of this view through the knowledge gap hypothesis. Two versions (with/without emotional testimony of ordinary people) of eight television stories were tested. Emotional versions produced smaller knowledge gaps and the size of gaps varied across three memory measures. Unlike the inimical role traditionally assigned to emotion, these findings suggest a facilitative role for emotion in informing citizens.
Thinking about Others Online: The Relationship between Third Person and Hostile Media Perceptions • Pamela Brubaker, Brigham Young University • This study explores the relationship between hostile media and third person perceptions. Partisans (N = 760) who strongly supported and opposed the issue of legalizing same-sex marriage participated in an online experiment, which was made available to blog readers. Third person perceptions, particularly the influence on others with contrasting attitudes, proved a significant predictor of hostile perceptions, validating claims that the media’s perceived influence on others does indeed contribute to hostile perceptions of media coverage.
How do individuals develop attitude extremity in the new media environment? The interplay between the Internet, schemas, and information seeking • Doo-Hun Choi, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Michael Cacciatore; Michael Xenos; Dietram Scheufele, Department of Life Sciences Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dominique Brossard; Elizabeth Corley • Analyzing data from a nationally-representative online survey, this study explored the role of the Internet and schemas in seeking out information and forming individuals’ attitude toward nanotechnology. More specifically, we examined the interplay between the Internet, schemas, information seeking and their impact on attitude formation toward the issue. The results in the study showed that individuals rely on their schemas in order to seek out information for nanotechnology, and the Internet played a large role in promoting information seeking. More importantly, individuals who select schema-congruent information are more likely than those who select schema-incongruent information to have more extreme in their attitudes toward nanotechnology. This study also found that greater attitude extremity produced attitude polarization toward nanotechnology. Implications of these findings as they pertain to public understanding of science in democratic society are discussed in greater detail.
Functional Forms of Symbolic Crises in the News: Implications for Quantitative Research • Bryan Denham • With communication scholars relying heavily on linear statistical models such as ordinary least squares regression, the present study examined the possibility that logistic, logarithmic and quadratic functions would capture symbolic crises in the news more effectively, potentially helping to enhance quantitative research. Analyzing cases involving drug abuse, pedophilia, violence, music lyrics, and religious freedom, the study found the strongest support for logarithmic and quadratic representations of cumulative data distributions, consistent with the notion of volatile news events triggering dramatic and widespread coverage for a limited time. The study concludes that while quantitative researchers should not abandon linear regression techniques, situations do arise in which nonlinear tests may be more effective in capturing statistical relationships.
Knowledge Gaps on Social Media: Exploring Knowledge Inequality in Contemporary News Environments • Trevor Diehl, University of Texas, Austin • This study explored how social media for news might affect knowledge gaps. A secondary analysis of the Pew Center for the People and the Press 2012 Media Consumption Survey found evidence for knowledge gaps between education groups on social media. A comparison of multiple news sources found a gap between those that pay attention to news on social media and those that don’t. News sharing was associated with an increase in knowledge in some groups.
Mapping the News Landscape • Stephanie Edgerly, Northwestern University • This study explores how media users make sense of the high-choice news media environment. Using a multi dimensional approach, ten news organizations are mapped by the implicit thoughts a sample of college students uses to differentiate them. Results indicate a specialized news environment where each news organization occupies their own space on the map. The two dimensions of an organization’s political ideology (conservative-to-liberal) and orientation (normative-to-market) are used to interpret the map.
An Exploration of the Roots of the Gatekeeper Concept: What Can Network Theory Tell Us About the Shifting Role of Journalism in a Networked Media Ecology? • Thomas Ernste • The concept of gatekeepers as it has long been understood within journalism studies remains deeply intertwined with its now antiquated metaphorical meaning that sees news organizations as in control of public access to news. This paper describes how a conceptual shift towards understanding the gatekeeper concept instead in a network theory context which sees gatekeepers as central, boundary spanning network actors is useful for conceptualizing news and information gatekeeping in a networked media ecology.
Disuse, Misuse, and Abuse of Intercoder Reliability Indices in Communication • Charles Feng, Jinan University • Although intercoder reliability has been considered crucial to the validity of a content study, the choice among them has been controversial. This study analyzed all the content studies published in the two major communication journals that reported intercoder reliability, aiming to find how communication scholars conduct intercoder reliability test. The results revealed that some intercoder reliability indices were misused persistently concerning the levels of measurement, the number of coders, and the means of reporting reliability over the past 30 years. Implications of misuse, disuse, and abuse were discussed, and suggestions regarding proper choice of indices in various situations were made at last.
Social network ties and discussion attributes as antecedents of political discussion elaboration • Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Texas at Austin • Scores of research highlight the key role of political discussion for society’s democratic wellbeing establishing a conduit to a more deliberative democracy. More recently, academics have turned their attention to explore the different roles peoples’ discussion network attributes may have in promoting politically valuable and fruitful discussions. For instance, the strength of discussion ties (weak or strong), heterogeneity of discussion networks, exposure to disagreement, and the level of reasoning in peoples’ discussion have all, to some degree, been associated to different forms of political outcomes such as participation. Other scholars have expanded the notion of citizens’ discussion attributes by integrating discussion elaboration. Thus, the connection between discussion network attributes and political participation, or between discussion elaboration and political participation is not new. Less explored however is the connection of all these discussion attributes as antecedents of political discussion elaboration. Based on U.S. national crossectional data, results indicate strong-ties discussion is the strongest predictor for discussion elaboration. On the other hand, discussing public affairs with weak ties was a stronger predictor for citizens to discussing with people who reasoned their arguments, and also for being exposed to discussion with higher levels of disagreement, and with more heterogeneous networks. Structural equation modeling tests indicate that strong ties is both directly and indirectly related to political discussion elaboration. Conversely, the influence of weak-ties on political discussion elaboration is fully mediated by discussion network heterogeneity and reasoned discussions. Finally, exposure to disagreement seems to preclude individuals’ from cognitively elaborating upon the issues they discuss.
Political Consumption as Civic, Cooperative, and Contrived: Implications for Social Marketing • Melissa R. Gotlieb, Texas Tech University • A series of three studies demonstrate the factor structure and reliability (Study 1), convergent and discriminant validity (Study 2), and predictive validity (Study 3) of a scale measuring value-expressive, social-identification, and social-adjustive attitudes toward political consumption. The third study demonstrates the importance of fit between a strategic message appeal and individuals’ underlying attitude functions in the context of a fictitious student campaign to reduce bottled water consumption on campus. Theoretical and marketing implications are discussed.
Examining Mood, Anxiety, and Knowledge in the Process of Resisting Influence • Michel Haigh, Penn State University; Shelley Wigley, University of Texas at Arlington • This study examines the role mood and anxiety play in inoculation research, and employs a new method of coding concept maps and counterarguments. Results indicate mood impacts how inoculation messages are processed. Those in the inoculation condition feel more anxiety compared to controls. Those who receive inoculation messages use the content from the messages to counterargue as well as form new nodes in their associative networks.
Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Study the Influence of News Media • Jennifer Hoewe, The Pennsylvania State University • This study attempts to situate the theory of reasoned action (TRA) as a viable method for studying the impact of news media on attitudes and behaviors. Using news stories about the building of an Islamic community center, results show the TRA provides a well-fitting model for examining news stories’ influences in an experimental context. The moderating variable of prior attitudes toward the news story’s subject may prove useful in future use of the TRA.
Consequences of Disagreement in Political Conversation: Iterative vs. Episodic Forms of Political Participatory Behaviors • Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin – Madison • In everyday life, people talk about political issues with others who may share or may not share their views. However, empirical studies in this area have produced a conundrum in terms of the relationship between disagreeable discussion and participation. Some recent studies suggest that distinguishing the types of participation considered would be helpful to shed light on this controversy. These studies argue that the relationship between discussion disagreement and participation is likely contingent on the type of participation in which people are involved. This study aims to contribute to the literature on the relationships between heterogeneous discussion and different types of participation. The focus of this article is to (a) analyze whether disagreeable political talk has different influences on varying types of participation (b) explore these relations in less stable democracy than have typically been considered by previous research.
Risk Communication Factors to Inform Theory: Risk Perception, Special Needs Populations, and Media Usage • Melissa Janoske, University of Maryland, College Park; Benjamin Sheppard, University of Maryland • There is no single conceptual framework that provides “the answer” to effectively communicating risk. There are, however, critical factors that all communicators and managers need to be aware of: publics’ perceptions, message content, unique risk characteristics, an understanding of special needs publics, and communication channels. This paper discusses those factors in detail through a deep discussion of the current literature, and offers best practices for communicators to utilize during each risk phase (preparedness, response, recovery).
Steer Clear or Get Ready: How Coping Styles Moderate the Effect of Informational Utility • Benjamin Johnson, The Ohio State University; Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick, The Ohio State University • An experiment (N = 414) with a 2x3x2 between-subjects design analyzed the effect of informational utility on selective exposure to online news stories. Individual differences in avoidant coping and problem-focused coping were tested as moderators of impacts of informational utility message characteristics on selective exposure. A positive main effect of informational utility intensity was found to result from the dimensions of magnitude, likelihood, and immediacy. The proposed fourth dimension, efficacy, did not yield a main effect or moderate the other message factors. However, coping styles demonstrated the proposed interactions. Individuals low on avoidant coping browsed messages with high informational utility longer, whereas avoidants did not. Those low on problem-focused coping spent more time with high-efficacy messages, and those high on problem-focus spent more time with low-efficacy messages.
Examining Warranting Theory toward use in non-interpersonal Computer-Medicated Communication (CMC) contexts • Eunsin Joo, Michigan State University • The concept of warrant has been used for many years in CMC settings. The principal objective of this paper is to evaluate and expand the scope of the warranting theory. The study examines the theoretical constructs of the warranting theory by using the criteria of theory such as explanatory power, predictive power, testability, parsimony, internal consistency, and heuristic provocativeness as well as its empirical applications in a variety of research realms (Chaffee & Berger, 1987; Heath & Bryan, 1992). The current applied research status and limitations of the theory are also discussed further to contribute future directions of the warranting theory in non-interpersonal CMC contexts.
Three-Stage Spiral of Silence in a Networked Society • Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma • This paper reconsiders spiral of silence theory in the networked society by focusing on (1) changes in the media environment and (2) changes in audience psychology. First, This paper predicts that new media (e.g. the Internet) reduce the power of traditional mass media over audiences’ perceptions about public opinion, based on Jackob’s (2010) relational model between perceived use of alternative sources, media dependency, and trust in mass media. Interactivity theory supports that networked groups would not only reduce the power of mass media, but might also play a role as new opinion leaders. Second, this paper predicts that new media environment would change audiences’ psychology in responding to public opinions. Audiences would feel less fear of isolation when expressing their minority opinions, thanks to inherent natures of computer-mediated communication. In accordance with these potential changes affecting spirals of silence, this paper suggests a revised conceptual model, three-stage spiral of silence.
Linguistic Framing Versus Numeric Framing in Campaign Messages: Revisiting An Application of Prospect Theory in Communication Research • Sunny J. Kim, Cornell University • Prospect theory provides a framework to systematically construct gain- versus loss-framed messages. Communication researchers have utilized the framing postulate of prospect theory to encourage various kinds of behavioral and attitudinal responses. However, empirical findings on gain- versus loss-framing which predict distinct outcomes in accordance with theory have been mixed or undifferentiated. This paper traces the origins of prospect theory and examines how the theory has extended to message framing in a health communication context. We review the successes and limitations of prospect theory application, and propose a new way of incorporating prospect theory into message framing within the communication research field.
Predicting TV Channel Choice and Duration Using an Integrated Model of Media Choice • Su Jung Kim, Northwestern University; Vijay Viswanathan • This study examines how individual and structural factors of media choice impact TV channel choice and viewing time. Using Nielsen Korea’s TV-Internet Convergence data that electronically recorded television and Internet use behavior, we find that television channel choice is influenced by individual factors such as gratifications, age, and gender as well as structural factors like access, and cost. However, duration is largely affected by structural factors such as lead-in, and other media use.
Framing Healthcare: Frame Building and News Coverage of Who Is Responsible for Rising Healthcare Costs in the United States • Sei-Hill Kim; Andrea Tanner; Soo Yun Kim, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Caroline Foster; Oh Sang-Hwa • Analyzing newspaper articles and television news transcripts, this study attempts to understand how the American news media have framed the question of who is responsible for rising healthcare costs in the United States. In particular, we explore the notion of frame building, looking at internal and external factors of news organizations that may influence the way the media frame the question of who is responsible. Findings indicate that frame building factors, such as organizational constraints (e.g., self-censorship), typical professional routines (e.g., episodic presentation of the issues), and political orientations of news organizations (e.g., conservative vs. liberal ideology), can affect the media’s selective use of frames.
Elaborative Processing that Matters: A Study of Factors Influencing Perceived Risks Related to Food and Medicine in South Korea • Hwalbin Kim, University of South Carolina; Sei-Hill Kim; Jeong-Heon JC Chang, Korea University; Jea Chul Shim, Korea University; Sang Hwa Oh, University of South Carolina • This study explores the effects of the media, interpersonal communication, and elaborative processing on perceived risks related to food and medicine safety in South Korea. The findings of the study show that media use such as TV and Internet news, interpersonal discussion, and elaborative processing are positively associated with perceived risks related to food and medicine. More importantly, the effects of newspaper, SNS, and interpersonal discussion on perceived risks were moderated by elaborative processing.
Examining the Intertextuality of Fictional Political Comedy and Real-World Political News • Kristen Landreville; Heather LaMarre • This study examines effects of viewing a fictional, comedic political film on political discussion intent about a related news article. In an experiment, participants watched the political comedy Man of the Year or a control film, and then read a politically-relevant news article on electronic voting. Beyond direct effects, the mediating influence of elaboration about the politically-relevant news article on discussion intent was analyzed. Results revealed no main effect of political comedy viewing on discussion intent, and no mediating effect of elaboration either. However, viewing the comedic political film was associated with higher levels of elaboration about the related news article, which shows evidence of intertextuality among media texts. Moreover, perceived external realism of the fictional, comedic political film was a significant positive predictor of discussion intent about the news article. Results also showed perceived external realism about the fictional, comedic political film to be a nearly significant moderator of the elaboration and discussion intent relationship. A broader discussion regarding the theoretical and practical implications of the findings is included.
Visual Context of Message Content: A Re-evaluation of Component Separation in the Elaboration Likelihood Model • Allison Lazard, The University of Texas at Austin; Lucy Atkinson, The University of Texas at Austin; Michael Mackert, The University of Texas at Austin • Visually rich persuasive messages have a pervasive presence in our society, creating an impetus for increased theoretical research to understand the role of visuals in information processing. The Elaboration Likelihood Model, which highlights critical stages for the decision to elaborate via two different processing routes, provides a theoretical framework that should be adapted to include the prevalent and influential role of visual context, visual deign, and visual processing in the evaluation of persuasive messages.
Does Motivation Make a Difference in Agenda-Setting Effects? • Na Yeon Lee, University of Texas at Austin • By employing laboratory experiment, this study examined the role of the two different motivations on agenda-setting effects: one is the need for orientation (NFO), which is traditionally regarded as the most important factor to explain individual differences in agenda-setting research, and the other is accuracy or directional goals introduced by the theory of motivated reasoning. Confirming previous findings, NFO was found to be the single most positive predictor for agenda-setting effects. Interestingly, the influence of NFO on agenda-setting effects was moderated by the types of motivational goals (accuracy vs. directional) that individuals employ when seeking information. Individuals with accuracy goals plus high levels of NFO demonstrated agenda-setting effects that were higher than for individuals with directional goals. Contrary to predictions of this study, individuals’ types of motivational goals (accuracy vs. directional) alone were not found to be a significant predictor. This study contributes to agenda-setting research by elaborating the role of NFO on agenda- setting effects and by proposing that while the media’s role of consensus building may be constrained, especially in a digital media era, those constraints may not likely apply broadly to entire audiences but, instead, may be limited mostly to individuals who tend to exercise selective exposure relative to their own particular issues: namely, those who generally employ directional goals.
Investigating the relationship between social media use and opinion polarization • Jae Kook Lee, Indiana University School of Journalism; Jihyang Choi, Indiana University School of Journalism; Cheonsoo Kim, Indiana University School of Journalism; Yonghwan Kim, University of Alabama • Conflicting arguments and findings have been reported about whether or not the use of new media would result in an increase in people’s exposure to diverse views and, if so, what the political consequences of encounters with dissimilar people and perspectives would be. This study tackles these issues by investigating the relationship between the social media use, the heterogeneity of social networks and the level of opinion polarization in the context of social network services (SNSs). Employing a national probability survey, this study shows that the use of SNSs is a positive predictor of network heterogeneity on SNSs. The study also found that the frequency of SNSs use does not directly affect the level of network heterogeneity, but that the relationship is mediated by several news-related activities, such as getting news, news posting, and talking about politics on SNSs. To explore the influence of the level of SNSs network heterogeneity on polarization, the study considered three different dimensions of opinion polarization: partisan, ideological, and issue polarization. The findings indicate that political discussion moderates the relationship between SNS network heterogeneity and the level of polarization; a higher level of SNS network heterogeneity results in a higher level of partisanship and ideological polarization for individuals who talk about politics more frequently. The implications of the study are discussed.
Revisiting Opinion Leadership in the Online World: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach • Tien-Tsung Lee, University of Kansas; Peter Bobkowski, University of Kansas • Opinion leadership is an important topic in marketing and communication research. Based on a survey of 7,025 U.S. consumers, this study examines the characteristics of online opinion leaders, and investigates the association between online and offline opinion leadership and activism. Online opinion leadership is predicted by the use of interactive online media, offline opening leadership, and offline activism. Use of online informational media is not directly linked to online opinion leadership.
Motivated Processing of Anger and Disgust In Anti-Tobacco Video Advertisements • Glenn Leshner, University of Missouri; Russell Clayton, University of Missouri; Manu Bhandari, University of Missouri; Paul Bolls • The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of two message attributes of anti-tobacco video ads on cognitive processing. The two message attributes were tobacco industry attacks (anger) and disgusting images. Industry attack ads were adapted from the American Legacy Foundation anti-tobacco campaign, which showed tobacco company executives as deceitful, dishonest, and manipulative. A 2 (anger: high/low) x 2 (disgust: present/absent) x 3 (message replication) x 4 (message order) mixed model repeated measures experiment was conducted. Participants (N=49), viewed 12, 30-s messages. Self-reports of emotional valence and arousal were collected. Heart rate, a physiological indicator of cognitive resources allocated to encoding, was collected for a five second baseline prior to each message and was time-locked during exposure to the messages. Participants also completed an audio recognition test. Results strongly indicate that HR deceleration occurred most for messages featuring anger or disgust related content, but decelerated least for messages that contained both anger and disgust content. Audio recognition data, including signal detection analyses, showed that recognition worsened for messages that contained both anger and disgust on both accuracy and sensitivity. In addition, participants were least confident in their responses to messages that contained both. Self-reports showed that both anger and disgust content showed strong aversive system activation, while anger showed small appetitive activation. These findings indicate that messages high in both anger and disgust showed signs of cognitive withdrawal and descent into a defensive cascade reflective of defensive processing and message responses.
The Mediating Role of Prior Knowledge in Framing Effects: An Experimental Study of Responses to Valenced Frames • Chen Lou, Michigan State University; Carson Wagner, EW Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University; Eunsin Joo, Michigan State University • An experiment was run to detect whether prior knowledge about a subject mediates framing effects. A considerable number of framing studies have claimed media effects on audiences without examining audience responses and/or disentangling different confounding variables from media frames. Prior knowledge among other factors has been suggested as an entry point for testing if various frames indeed affect audiences, as assumed when effects are claimed but no audience data are taken. This study examines how media frames affect audience attitudes by manipulating prior knowledge in a laboratory experiment.
Toward a Cognitive-affective Process Model of Hostile Media Perceptions: A Multi-Country Structural Equation Modeling Approach • Jorg Matthes, U of Vienna; Audun Beyer, University of Oslo, Norway • This paper develops and tests a theoretical cognitive-affective process model of the hostile media effect (HME). To explain the HME, scholars have mainly focused on cognitive involvement, i.e., the extent to which an issue is of personal importance. By contrast, we introduce the notion of affective involvement and hypothesize three distinct routes responsible for an HMP: a cognitive, an affective, and a cognitive-affective route. Simultaneously collected representative survey data from the U.S., Norway, and France employing country-invariant measures provide clear evidence that the three routes each and independently drive the HMP. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Combining the Situational Theory of Publics and Theory of Reasoned Action to Explore Nonprofit Support: A Replication • Brooke W. McKeever, University of South Carolina; Geah Pressgrove, University of South Carolina; Yue Zheng, University of South Carolina • Through replication with a nationally-based respondent pool (N=1,539) and extension of programmatic research aimed at understanding the intersection of the situational theory of publics and theory of reasoned action, this study provides early empirical support for a possible Theory of Situational Support with a new criterion variable. By combining variables from both theories, predictive power of the model is improved when measured in the context of nonprofit fundraising events. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
In the mood to search: A conceptual examination of how emotions influence health information seeking • Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • This paper argues that theory development in health information seeking is currently stunted because the field has not fully explored concepts from the literature on emotions. The basics of emotion theory and connections with health information seeking are presented. This paper also encourages scholars to examine emotions in addition to anxiety/fear as search motivators. The argument is made that theory is lacking on the topics of how people search for health information and what happens after those searches.
Fearing a threat but hoping for the best: Revising the Extended Parallel Process Model based on emotion theory • Jessica Myrick, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill • For more than two decades, the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) has guided research on fear appeals. However, theories of emotions and empirical evidence point to important conceptual modifications that would improve the EPPM’s explanatory power. This paper proposes six revisions to the EPPM and presents initial experimental data to test the propositions. The data largely support the propositions and point to future work to further develop theories of fear appeals.
Modeling a Participatory Campaign Communication: Communication Mediation and Anti-smoking Behavioral Intention • Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Seungahn Nah, University of Kentucky; Rachael Record, University of Kentucky; Stephanie Van Stee, University of Kentucky • Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB; e.g., Ajzen, 1985, 1988, 1991) with a communication mediation model (McLeod et al., 1996; McLeod, Scheufele, & Moy, 1999; Shah, Cho et al., 2007; Shah, McLeod et al., 2007), this study examines direct and indirect effects of a community-based participatory campaign on anti-smoking behavioral intention and how communications mediate the participatory campaign process. Through an experimental design with randomization, the study affirms that the TPB is an effective model to predict anti-smoking behavioral intention. Furthermore, it finds that communication does mediate the effects of the participatory campaign intervention on anti-smoking outcomes, which is well suited to the theory of planned behavior.
Online Advertisements and Conceptual Implicit Memory: Advances in Theory and Methodology • Temple Northup, University of Houston • Three experiments were conducted to further our understanding, both theoretically and methodologically, of conceptual implicit memory within the advertising context. Results suggest that not only is providing specific encoding instructions not necessary to induce conceptual or semantic processing, but also that there were no differences based on whether the experimental procedure was conducted in a laboratory or online. Together, these results have implications for increasing the ecological validity of this type of research.
How does Interactivity persuade? An Experimental Test of Interactivity on Cognitive Absorption, Elaboration, and Attitudes • Jeeyun Oh, Penn State University; S. Shyam Sundar, The Pennsylvania State University • It is generally assumed that interactivity can create higher involvement in interacting with media. However, it is debatable whether this heightened degree of user activity can translate into engagement with content, and further, whether it can influence persuasion outcomes. This paper examines whether two different types of website interactivity can motivate users to cognitively engage with anti-smoking messages. A 3 (Message interactivity: High vs. Medium vs. Low) X 2 (Modality Interactivity: Slider vs. Control) factorial-design lab experiment was performed to test the persuasive effects of interactivity on the stimulus website (N = 167). Results showed that Modality interactivity led to more positive interface assessment and greater cognitive absorption. These two factors, in turn, contributed to more favorable attitudes toward the website and even toward the anti-smoking messages. The presence of slider interaction technique significantly reduced the amount of message-related thoughts after browsing. In contrast, message interactivity enhanced message elaboration for participants, especially those with low involvement in the message topic. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Aljazeera and The Hostile Media Effect: Credibility and Interactivity • Eisa Al Nashmi, Kuwait University; David Painter, Full Sail University; Jessica Mahone, University of Florida • Based on the hostile media effect theory, this experimental investigation manipulated source attribution to determine how receiver characteristics affected credibility and interactivity. Although the reports’ content was identical, the results indicate Aljazeera was perceived as less credible than CNN, especially among those with unfavorable Arab attitudes and high Arab interest. The results also suggest partisanship, involvement, and source, key elements of the hostile media effect, may trigger increased use of the Internet’s interactive features.
Seeking the Sweet Spot: Optimal combinations of gain-loss and motivational frames to promote vaccination during an epidemic • Eun Park • To investigate ways to maximize the effects of message frames in health campaigns for promoting vaccination in an epidemic, this study tested effects of message combinations of gain- and loss-frames and motivational frames, which include intrinsic and extrinsic goal frames in self-determination theory. The study also attempted to examine the moderating role of level of issue involvement. An experiment using a 2 (frame: gain and loss) x 2 (motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic) x 2 (issue involvement: high and low) x 4 (multiple messages) x 2 (order) mixed subject design was conducted. The results showed that motivation plays more of a leading role in igniting positive attitude and intention toward vaccination than gain-loss frames. To be specific, a message combination of gain frame and intrinsic motivation was superior to other kinds of combinations in terms of promoting vaccination.
Effect of Vocal Similarity on Automatic Attention to Voice Changes: Experimental Results and Industry Implications • Robert F. Potter, Indiana University; Edgar Jamison-Koenig, Indiana University; Teresa Lynch, Indiana University; Matthew Falk, Indiana University; Sharon Mayell, Indiana University; Katherine Krizan, Indiana University • Past research has shown that when one speaker is replaced by another in an auditory message listeners exhibit an orienting response identified by a specific pattern of cardiac deceleration. The orienting response is thought to provide an automatic allocation of processing resources to the encoding of the new voice in the auditory environment. To date, no one has investigated how the tonal similarities of the voices making up the formal feature of the voice change impacts orienting or information processing of the message. A 3 (Vocal Difference) x 2 (Location of Voice Change) x 2 (Repetitions) within subjects experiment was designed to explore this issue. Four non-professional speakers were selected based on their levels of vocal difference and produced twelve radio announcements. These announcements were then edited so that there were Low-, Medium-, and High-Vocal Difference voice changes occurring either in in the first or last 20-seconds of the message. Seventy-four subjects listened to the stimuli individually and had their heart rate data recorded time-locked to the media presentation. After a distraction task, recognition memory measures were taken. Results show that the tonal difference between voices does have an impact on both cardiac orienting and recognition memory for message audio. Furthermore, results suggest a change in processing strategy among listeners over the course of the sixty-second messages. Implications for message producers are provided.
A Historical Test of Media System Dependency: Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane’s Experiment in Press Freedom • Andrew Pritchard • The relatively isolated circumstances of colonial Australia provide a natural laboratory for applying media system dependency theory following the end of government restrictions on the press. Quantitative content analysis of newspapers suggests publishers were more concerned with exploiting the end of their dependence on the government as censor than with minimizing their remaining dependence on the government as advertiser. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates the importance of accounting for unique historical circumstances in MSD theorizing.
Studying Facebook: The ethics of drawing a sample in the networked age • Sue Robinson, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Manisha Shelat, University of Wisconsin-Madison; David Wilcox • This article documents the benefits, limitations and ethics of using Facebook as a sampling frame for research. Drawing a sample from 102 journals and 13 disciplines, this research found the social networking site (SNS) comprises a site of inquiry, sample and methodological technique all in one. Although student surveys dominated as the primary tool for half our sample, this evidence showed nine other approaches, some very innovative. However few (4%) considered the public-versus-private and other ethical conundrums regarding data mining on Facebook sites. None fully capitalized on the networked opportunities innate in the SNS. Creating a working typology from a sampling of projects, this study discusses the ethics around visibility, replicability, traceability, sampling, contiguity of research space and the notion of informed consent in drawing a sample from Facebook and provides recommendations for scholars.
Introducing a Software-Based Method to Assess and Manipulate Visual Attention: Feasibility and Initial Validation • Lelia Samson, Indiana University; Erick Janssen • This article introduces a newly developed, software-based method to assess and manipulate visual attention. The method uses circular, transparent outlines (or ‘bubbles’) that move over the content of visual stimuli (e.g., images, video). To evaluate the feasibility and validity of this new method, a sample of 50 men was presented with same- and opposite-sex erotic stimuli in self-directed and manipulated visual attention conditions while their psychophysiological responses were recorded. Participants were instructed to select a bubble of their choice by using a computer mouse which kept selected content visible while the rest of the screen was dimmed. Only one bubble was made available during conditions in which visual attention was manipulated. Findings revealed that participants could successfully perform the experimental task and that their spontaneous, or self-directed, visual focus was consistent with their sexual orientation, as has been found in previous research. Furthermore, the new method successfully manipulated visual attention, which was reflected in the participants’ psychophysiological response patterns. The benefits of the newly developed application include the ability to measure and direct visual focus in multiple participants at a time. The advantages of using this method in communication, marketing, and other social science research are discussed.
Heuristic-systematic processing and the third-person perception of persuasive messages • Lelia Samson, Indiana University; Robert F. Potter, Indiana University • This study focuses on the cognitive processes underlying third-person perception (TPP), providing a more comprehensive understanding of how this robust media effect occurs. It provides empirical evidence suggesting that individual perception of the likely influence of media messages on self and on others adheres to the conceptualizations suggested by Chaiken’s Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM; Chaiken, 1980; 1987; Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). The HSM claims that mental shortcuts activated during heuristic processing have the economic advantage of requiring comparatively little cognitive effort and time. We use this claim to guide hypotheses about response latency to questions about perceived influence of the persuasive messages. Participants (N = 151) were randomly assigned to a condition priming systematic processing or to a condition with no such prime. They then watched a series of 10 television ads, providing appraisals of their effect on self and on others after each. Response latency data were also collected for each appraisal. Results support an HSM-like process underlying the third-person perceptions, with subjects in the no-priming condition providing quicker responses overall, and shorter response latency in all participants when estimating the impact of persuasive messages on others than on themselves, indicative of greater heuristic processing.
The Peripheral Elaboration Model: How Incidental News Exposure Predicts Political Participation • Syed Saif Shahin, School of Journalism, University of Texas at Austin; Magdalena Saldaña, The University of Texas at Austin; Homero Gil de Zúñiga, University of Texas at Austin • Using U.S. two-wave-panel-data, this paper proposes a model to explain the mechanism through which incidental news exposure leads to political participation. It shows that heuristic cues in news items can trigger cognitive elaboration among media users, leading them to reflect on the news they stumble upon, even when they were not motivated to use the media for news and learning. Such “peripheral” elaboration mediates the positive link between incidental news exposure and political participation.
Reframing Gatekeeping: Proposing a Theoretical Link between Gatekeeping and Framing • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia • Framing and gatekeeping are common keywords in journalism research, yet their theoretical intersection has not been sufficiently explored. From qualitative interviews with newspaper and online journalists, this study explores influences on framing in the news and locates framing within the gatekeeping process. Frames influence whether or not a message passes a gate as much as they are also outputs of the gatekeeping process themselves.
The Facebook Experience: A phenomenology of Facebook use • Edson Tandoc, University of Missouri-Columbia; Patrick Ferrucci, U of Missouri • Based on the diaries and interviews of five Facebook users, we found that the phenomenology of Facebook use can be divided into three phases: managing intentions, experiencing the consequences of actions, and feeling a range of emotions. We propose that the theoretical framework we found in this study—of understanding the experience of Facebook as an experience of varying degrees of personal control—can be applied to understanding other social experiences as well.
Mapping an Audience Centric World Wide Web: A Departure from Hyperlink Analysis • Harsh Taneja • Studies of the hyperlink structure of the World Wide Web reveal a highly centralized core-periphery structure, with sites from developed nations at the center and those from the developing world at the periphery. This paper argues that hyperlinks merely reflect how the Web is structured by webmasters, and may play little role in structuring navigation pattern of web users, which may be driven by other cultural factors. To test this thesis, two networks of 1000 globally most popular Web Domains are constructed, one where ties are based on hyperlinks and the other using an “audience centric” approach with ties based on duplicated audience traffic between these domains. Analyses of the two networks reveal that unlike the centralized core-periphery structure suggested by hyperlink analysis, cultural factors such as language and geography drive actual audience flows resulting in a highly decentralized clustered network.
Finding Political Opinion Leaders in Both Online and Offline Environments • Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Hernando Rojas, University of Wisconsin – Madison • Most studies on opinion leaders in our field applied the personality strength scale developed by Noelle-Neumann (1983). However, such general scale might not be as helpful in predicting opinion leaders with regard to politics and current issues. Moreover, with the rise of online information seeking and giving, it is essential to examine whether our existing scales are capable of spotting the digital opinion leaders with regard to politics. Utilizing survey data collected in Colombia in 2012 (N = 1031), our findings suggest that the personality strength scale informs us little about political opinion leaders both offline and online, when compared to the issue-specific scale developed by Childer (1986). The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Testing a model of sexual health information seeking via text messaging • Jessica Fitts Willoughby, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill • Text message services are becoming an increasingly popular way to disseminate health information. A theory of information seeking through text messaging is posited based on previous theory and tested with adolescents (n=870). Intentions to use a text message service for sexual health information were influenced by an adolescents’ uncertainty discrepancy, affect, and evaluations related to the service (e.g., attitudes, credibility), although efficacy evaluations did not have a direct effect on intent. Implications are discussed.
Giving and Receiving Emotional Support Online: Communication Competence as a Moderator of Psychosocial Benefits for Women with Breast Cancer • Woohyun Yoo, University of Wisconsin – Madison; Kang Namkoong, University of Kentucky; Mina Choi, University of Wisconsin – Madison; Dhavan Shah; Stephanie Jean Tsang, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Yangsun Hong, University of Wisconsin – Madison; Michael Aguilar; David Gustafson • This study examines the moderating role of emotional communication competence in the relationship between computer-mediated social support (CMSS) group participation, specifically giving and receiving emotional support, and psychological health outcomes. Data were collected as part of randomized clinical trials for women diagnosed with breast cancer within the last 2 months. Expression and reception of emotional support was assessed by tracking and coding the 18,064 messages that 236 patients posted and read in CMSS groups. The final data used in the analysis was created by merging (a) computer-aided content analysis of discussion posts, (b) action log data analysis of system usage, and (c) baseline and six-month surveys collected to assess change. Results of this study demonstrate that emotional communication competence moderates the effects of expression and reception of emotional support on psychological quality of life and breast cancer-related concerns in both desired and undesired ways. Giving and receiving emotional support in CMSS groups has positive effects on emotional well-being for breast cancer patients with higher emotional communication, while the same exchanges have detrimental impacts on emotional well-being for those with lower emotional communication competence. The theoretical and practical implications for future research are discussed.
Visual Communication 2013 Abstracts
Picturing the Jos Crisis in Three Leading Newspapers in Nigeria: A Visual Framing Perspective • Ngozi Agwaziam, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Lily Zeng, Arkansas State University • This study examines the visual framing of the Jos crisis in the online version of three leading Nigerian newspapers, Punch, Guardian, and Thisday. Findings suggest that they were not heavy users of news photographs. Majority of the photographs were those of politicians repeatedly used in different news stories and were not-graphic close-up shots. The three newspapers failed to emotionally connect the readers with the ongoing crisis and reinforced established narrative themes within the official discourse.
Methodological Critique of Screen Sense: A Case for Phenomenology • Russell Cook, Loyola University Maryland • This methodological critique compares Husserlian phenomenology to two other research paradigms—positivism and psychologism—and concludes that phenomenology is the best research method for investigating visual perception of screen media, or screen sense. The phenomenological reduction serves to neutralize presuppositions of the natural standpoint. The variational method of eidetic reduction reveals essential structures of spectating experience. The paper concludes with an extended analysis of the perception of pictorial depth.
Visual Stereotypes of Appalachia in Life Magazine: A Semiotic Study • Michael DiBari, Hampton University • For much of the 20th century and still today, many scholars believe the media has contributed to a stereotyping of Appalachia that has defined the region as backwards, uneducated, incestuous, and violent. Life magazine was one of the most popular, pictorial news magazines, and played an important part in that coverage. This study takes a textural analysis approach in identifying the articles in Life, and discusses the results in terms of social semiotics.
Historical Timelines: Rethinking Our Visualization of the Past • Bettina Fabos, University of Northern Iowa • The growing body of digital archives gives visual communicators the opportunity to construct alternative historical narratives that go beyond traditional, hegemonic “great men” discourse. Interactive timelines are one way in which to utilize such archival material to create more democratic, bottom-up histories, and make them widely available through the web.
The Gaze and The Spielberg Face: Spielberg’s Application of Lacan’s Mirror Stage and Audience Response • Joseph Fortunato, Arizona State University • Through the theoretical framework of Jacques Lacan’s “Mirror Stage,” this study employs statistical analysis to code the frequency with which Spielberg utilizes the “gaze” in his work to emotionally influence the viewer by providing them with desirable images of the human face. This study examines if these psychologically desirable images are used with more frequency in Spielberg’s successful films, thus providing quantitative support for the assertion that Spielberg “manipulates” his audience through his signature style.
Finding your own answers: Political ideology and ambiguous data visualizations • Nicholas Geidner, The University of Tennessee; Iveta Imre, The University of Tennessee; Ivanka Pjesivac, University of Tennessee • This study examines how partisans process information from ambiguous data visualizations. A diverse national sample (N = 338) was asked to interact with an ambiguous political data visualization, The New York Times’ “Budget Puzzle.” In short, our findings demonstrate that partisans saw what they wanted within the visualization. Individual-level political conservatism predicted perceptions of “The Budget Puzzle” as supporting the Republican Party’s fiscal agenda and of its creators being aligned with the Republican Party. These findings were accentuated in individuals with high interest in economic news. The implications of these findings for journalism practice are discussed.
Visual framing of the Syrian conflict in news and public affairs magazines • Keith Greenwood; Joy Jenkins, University of Missouri • Research indicates international news is most often visually framed in terms of violence and disaster. Conflicts are visually framed in terms of the active participants and aftermath of battle instead of the affected bystanders or efforts at negotiating peace. An alternative frame proposed by Galtung (1986) promotes an emphasis on peaceful demonstration and negotiation instead of the usual aspects of conflict. Building on research that observed evidence of this peace framing in photographs related to conflict published international media, this research examines visual framing of the 2011-2012 Syrian conflict that arose from the Arab Spring movement in northern Africa and the Middle East. The study examines 193 photographs published in two news magazines and nine public affairs magazines to determine if visual framing differs between magazines with differing purposes and differing political/editorial orientations. The analysis affirms the dominant visual frame of conflict through images of active fighting and its victims but also notes that public affairs magazines published a higher proportion of photographs depicting peace framing. As the magazine environment becomes increasingly oriented to niche publications, the results present implications for the likelihood that a broad audience will experience similar visual framing of international news.
The Influence of Personality Factors and Motives on Photographic Communication • Daniel Hunt, Newbury College; Eric Langstedt, Mount Saint Mary College • This study examined photographic communication within the uses and gratifications framework. Gender and personality traits of respondents were used as predictors of and motives for sending mobile photographs and online sharing. Memory, relationship maintenance, self expression and relationship formation positively predicted photographic communication. Females both sent more photo messages and shared more photos online. Extraversion positively predicted most photo messaging use motives, while Neuroticism was a negative predictor of photo messaging use.
Ken Burns: Historian, Patriot, or Hollywood Revisionist? An Analysis of His Style from “Brooklyn Bridge” to “The War” • Paul Jacoway, Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University • This paper evaluates the style of Ken Burns as a visual historian, by analyzing his documentaries: “Brooklyn Bridge” and “The War.” Media reviews, program details, personal interviews with Burns associates, and media interviews with Burns are used to evaluate his style of narrative histories to determine if he fits as a historian, journalist, or television producer. It seeks to answer the proposed question and the criticism that he is not truly a historian.”
What’s black and blue and read online: An analysis of newspaper website aesthetics and the influence of circulation size • Adriane Jewett, University of Florida; Dennis DiPasquale • With consumers flocking online, newspapers must consider website aesthetics. The Ideal Brand Pyramid posits that ideal brands equally value function, behavior and aesthetics. This study extends the IBP’s application, examining current newspaper websites aesthetics. Findings reiterate the monotony of newspaper websites with blue/black color palette, three-column design and top-page navigation. Some differences were exposed among circulation groups, particularly nameplate design and typeface. However, newspapers websites may not reach ideal brand status without increasing aesthetic emphasis.
No ham, no ladies and no sex: Examining the cross cultural differences in Gangnam Style parodies on YouTube • Julie Jones, Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication; Amanda Kehrberg, The University of Oklahoma; Sang Chon Kim, University of Oklahoma; Joonil Kim, Gaylord college of the University of Oklahoma; Khalaf Tahat, University of Oklahoma • Castells (2009) conceptualizes the shift in media production as a change from mass media communication model to a mass self-communication model. Although sites like YouTube afford individuals a global platform, producers are still situated within certain geographical and social-psychological cultures. This study centered on visual artifacts within Gangnam Style parody videos to investigate the influence of the producers’ culture on representations of women and sex. Given that Arabic videos, in particular, were often completely void of sex and women, re-conceptualizing the “global village” nature of social media production is needed.
Susanne Langer: Expresses Knowledge of Feelings • Keith Kenney; Katherine LaPrad, University of South Carolina • This paper answers the question: How can we use Langer’s philosophical writings to build theories of multimedia communication? It explains her idea that knowledge is based upon multimodal images rather than words, numbers, or the results of scientific research. It also explains the difference between words and pictures. It explains how we use presentational symbols, or artworks, to express feeling. Finally, the paper explains how different art genres create different sensory illusions.
Captured in the grid: Raising more attention with the rule of thirds? • Michael Koliska; Soo-Kwang Oh • The rule of thirds is a widely used composition principle in photography. But despite the growing importance of photos and videos in the news media there is little to no known research that has tested the rule’s effectiveness to raise attention and limit cognitive load of information processing. This exploratory study suggests that the rule of thirds can serve as visual guideline that will enhance the ease of information processing and thus make images more salient to the observer.
Promoting places: Schema complexity and valence elicited by country logos for tourism • Suman Lee; Lulu Rodriguez; Sela Sar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • This study examined the influence of tourism logo design on people’s cognitive responses. In an online survey, undergraduate students were exposed to the tourism logos of Australia, Indonesia, Mongolia, Kenya, Latvia, and Malawi. The results showed that the logos of Australia and Indonesia elicited high schema complexity and positive valence among college students. The logos of Kenya and Mongolia rated high in schema complexity, but produced a negative valence. Malawi and Latvia elicited low schema complexity, but a positive valence. The findings suggest that effective meaning creation can overcome deficiencies in logo design.
How photo editors perceive and evaluate photographs submitted by citizen journalists: A national survey • Eun Jeong Lee • This study examined how U.S. photo editors at daily newspapers perceive and evaluate photographs submitted by citizen journalists. A national survey’s findings suggest that more than half of all photo editors publish the photographs 1 or 2 days a week while the most common reason was citizens covered the news. Newsworthiness played the most important roles in news selection. Breaking or spot news was the predominant type of photographs selected by photo editors.
Photo Sharing Not Photojournalism: the Problem of Visual Journalism as User-Generated Content • Mary Lou Nemanic, Pennsylvania State University • While digital technology and the Internet have popularized photo sharing, online citizen-generated news images have been relatively rare. This paper argues that photo sharing is ritual communication functioning as a visual diary or a way of connecting with friends and relatives, and that its popularity lies in its intent to socialize; while photojournalism’s intent to inform large, virtually unknown audiences is more difficult and less appealing.
Big Bird, Binders, and Bayonets: The Persuasive Power of Social Media Visual Narratives in the 2012 Presidential Campaign • Janis Teruggi Page, Florida Institute of Technology; Margaret Duffy, U of Missouri • In 2012, a Web-empowered community interrogated U.S. presidential campaign messaging and articulated responses through visual imagery that spread throughout the Internet and into major media outlets. This study analyzes how Internet memes appropriated candidates’ brand narratives, first using Fantasy Theme Analysis to examine the Obama and Romney Twitter and Facebook images during the most heated period of campaigning, and then applying Durand’s rhetorical matrix to the most popular candidate images and citizen-generated memes.
Visual Propaganda in the Age of Social Media: Twitter Images During 2012 Israeli-Hamas Conflict • Hyunjin Seo, University of Kansas • This study analyzed images posted to Twitter by the Israel Defense Forces and Hamas’ Alqassam Brigades during the November 2012 Gaza conflict to understand aspects of visual propaganda in the age of social media. Visual content analysis was conducted to identify themes and frames prominently appearing in 243 Twitter images posted by the two parties during a two-month period. Results showed statistically significant differences between Israel and Hamas in terms of themes and frames.
The advertised images of women in the early to middle 20th century Macau • Zhen Sun • This paper applies the visual social semiotic approach to analyze the women’s images represented in the advertisements for the mooncake and the firecracker in the early to middle 20th century Macau. The study finds that the image producers manipulate the semiotic resources into different representational and interactive structures and create two types of women images: the role model targeted to the women consumers of mooncakes and the desire elicitor targeted to the men consumers of firecrackers.
Music Videos: The Evolved Look of the Sound • Marilyn Terzic, Université du Québec à Montréal • This research examines the aesthetic consequences of digitally distributed music video content. To that end, the ways in which the affective and conative dimensions of music videos are used to generate increased album sales are described, and the means by which diverse perceptual tactics are employed to promote the vested interests of the artist and record label are discussed.
Dichotomous Nature of Preference for Visual Complexity • Zongyuan Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Brittany Duff, University of Illinois- Urbana Champaign; Jen Moss, University of Illinois • This study re-examined as well as extended previous work on people’s preference for visual complexity through a generalizable sample (N=504). Findings suggest maximal threshold for complexity preference as well as stability of preference within groups that prefer distinct levels of complexity. Item-specific and relational variety indicate the dichotomous nature of of complexity preference.Implications for visual communication are discussed.
The Impact of Navigability on Flow-like Experiences and User Enjoyment of Online Art Exhibitions • Bo Zhang, Penn State University; Michael Marcinkowski, Penn State University; Youngjoon Choi • With the development of new modes of web interface and 3D virtual environment, the concept of navigability is considered an important element to understand users’ experience with the interface. Particularly in the context of virtual art galleries, navigability can influence users’ level of immersive and enjoyable experience of artworks. Responding to the conflicting evidence showing both positive and negative effects of higher navigability on the evaluation of online art exhibitions, this study examines the impact of navigability on flow-like experiences (i.e., skill-challenge match, immersion) and user enjoyment and behavioral intention. Thirty-five undergraduate students participated in a between-subjects experimental study with two conditions (2D interface for low navigability vs. 3D interface for high navigability). Participants in the low navigability condition reported lower levels of skill-challenge match and higher levels of immersion and enjoyment than those in the high navigability condition. Also, we found that immersion, not a skill-challenge match, mediated the effect of navigability on enjoyment which led to behavioral intention. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
